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合作查询网站：-What are reporters? Why call them reporters and not fluorescent proteins, beta-galactosidase/Xgal assays or pigments? The answer is that in synthetic biology, they are often used as a mechanism to display information. If you design a biosensor system that is sensitive to substrate A, you ideally want a way of displaying these results without needing an additional assay. Using a pigment reporter is a great way of achieving this property.
Reporter protein coding sequences encode proteins whose presence in the cell or organism is readily observed.
For example, fluorescent proteins cause a cell to fluoresce when excited with light of a particular wavelength, luciferases cause a cell to catalyze a reaction that produces light, and enzymes such as beta-galactosidase convert a substrate to a colored product.
Reporters are frequently used to quantify the strength or activity of upstream gene expression parts such as promoters and ribosome binding sites.
Reporters, when fused in frame to other protein coding sequences, can also be used to identify where a protein is located in a cell or organism.
There are several different ways to measure or quantify a reporter depending on the particular reporter and what kind of characterization data is desired.
Generally speaking, microscopy is useful for obtaining both spatial and temporal information on reporter activity, particularly at the single cell level.
Flow cytometers are best suited for measuring the distribution in reporter activity across a large population of cells.
Plate readers are generally best for taking population average measurements of many different samples over time.
Some iGEM teams have excellent projects that create new reporters, or make great use of existing ones. Please see the tables below for fluorescent proteins, chromoproteins, luciferase proteins and enzymes that produce colored substrates in the Registry.
2012 Uppsala University:
The Uppsala University team created a chromoprotein collection as part of their project in 2012. Here are pellets of bacteria expressing chromoproteins eforRed (), RFP (), cjBlue (), aeBlue (), amilGFP () and amilCP ().
Chromoproteins are often responsible for coloration in corals or sea anemones. The expressed pigment can be seen by the naked eye and without any external tool, making them very useful as reporter genes.
Chromoproteins and fluorescent proteins can have some overlap. Generally, fluorescent proteins appear white or clear to the naked eye, but some have the property of showing pigmentation also. One such protein is .
To add parts to this table make sure to add the category: //cds/reporter/chromoprotein.
NameDescriptionLengthCreated byDocumentationUsesTypeStatus
amilCP, blue chromoprotein669Lei Sun222331CodingIn stock
cjBlue, green chromoprotein702Antonio Ascue Avalos20856CodingIn stock
meffBlue, blue chromoprotein669Erik Gullberg18851CodingIn stock
tsPurple, purple chromoprotein690Sabri Jamal 11331CodingIn stock
amajLime, yellow-green chromoprotein693Sabri Jamal 20876CodingIn stock
RFP from Discosoma striata (coral) with LAA-ssrA degradation tag (wt)714Anna Stikane&&CodingIn stock
RFP from Discosoma striata (coral) with AAV-ssrA degradation tag714Anna Stikane&&CodingIn stock
RFP from Discosoma striata (coral) with DAS-ssrA degradation tag714Anna Stikane&&CodingIn stock
RFP from Discosoma striata (coral) with LVA-ssrA degradation tag714Anna Stikane&1CodingIn stock
amilGFP, yellow chromoprotein699Lei Sun196211CodingIt's complicated
eforRed, red chromoprotein 681Lei Sun18857CodingIt's complicated
aeBlue blue chromoprotein699Erik Lundin22166CodingIt's complicated
Fluorescent protein dronpa669Katharina Sporbeck&&Coding&
Cre-Dronpa Fusion1728Nicolai von K黦elgen&&Coding&
Cre-Dronpa fusion1746Nicolai von K黦elgen&&Coding&
Cre-dronpa fusion1764Nicolai von Kuegelgen&&Coding&
Cre-dronpa fusion1782Nicolai von Kuegelgen&&Coding&
Dronpa caged Cre with NLS2433Nicolai von Kuegelgen&&Coding&
Dronpa caged Cre with NLS2451Nicolai von Kuegelgen&&Coding&
Dronpa caged Cre with NLS2469Nicolai von Kuegelgen&&Coding&
Dronpa caged Cre with NLS2487Nicolai von Kuegelgen&&Coding&
gfasPurple, purple chromoprotein669Sabri Jamal 16243CodingNot in stock
spisPink, pink chromoprotein678Erik Lundin2013&CodingNot in stock
asPink, pink chromoprotein702Erik Lundin22911CodingNot in stock
AsPink chromoprotein in GoldenGate standard721Virginie Rutten&&CodingNot in stock
tsPurple chromoprotein in GoldenGate standard709Virginie Rutten&&CodingNot in stock
AmajLime chromoprotein in BBa and MoClo standard711Virginia Rutten&&CodingNot in stock
AeBlue chromoprotein in BBa and MoClo standard724----&&CodingNot in stock
AmilGFP chromoprotein in BBa and MoClo standard724Virginia Rutten&&CodingNot in stock
AmilCP chromoprotein in BBa and MoClo standard706Virginia Rutten&&CodingNot in stock
EforRed chromoprotein in BBa and MoClo standard706Virginia Rutten&&CodingNot in stock
cjBlue chromoprotein in BBa and MoClo standard724Virginia Rutten&&CodingNot in stock
AeBlue0034 chromoprotein in BBa and MoClo standard758Virginia Rutten&&CodingNot in stock
**highly** engineered mutant of red fluorescent protein from Discosoma striata (coral) with barcode 706Constantin Ahlmann-Eltze, Charlotte Bunne, Magdalena B&scher, Jan Gleixner, Max Horn, Anna Huhn, Nils Klughammer, Jakob Kreft, Elisabeth Sch&fer, Carolin Schmelas, Silvan Schmitz, Max Waldha&3CodingNot in stock
These parts were created by DNA 2.0 as part of their IP-Free series of fluorescent and chromogenic proteins. They are available to use under the BioBrick Public Agreement.
To add parts to this table, make sure to add the category: //legal/ip-free.
NameDescriptionLengthCreated byDocumentationUsesTypeStatus
IP-Free TannenRFP (Red Fluorescent Protein)678Drew Endy5625&ReporterNot in stock
IP-Free BlazeYFP
(Yellow Fluorescent Protein)708Drew Endy5628&ReporterNot in stock
IP-Free EiraCFP (Cyan Fluorescent Protein)699Drew Endy5681&ReporterNot in stock
P-Free JuniperGFP (Green Fluorescent Protein)702Drew Endy5644&ReporterNot in stock
GFP visualized under UV light.
Fluorescent proteins are convenient ways to visualize or quantify the output of a device or part. Many different fluorescent proteins are available from the Registry.
The first fluorescent protein to be cloned and the most commonly used fluorescent protein is green fluorescent protein (GFP).
GFP was cloned from jellyfish.
Based on GFP, several investigators generated mutations that altered the spectral properties of GFP resulting in yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and cyan fluorescent protein (CFP).
RFP visualized in white light.
Red fluorescent protein (RFP), shown on the left, was isolated from coral. Note that the colonies appear red to the naked eye as well as fluoresce red. RFP is unrelated to the GFP family of fluorescent proteins.
Several derivatives of RFP have been generated including mOrange and mCherry.
Fluorescence can be readily quantified using a microscope, plate reader or flow cytometer equipped to excite the fluorescent protein with the appropriate wavelength of light.
Since several different fluorescent proteins are available, multiple gene expression measurements can be made in parallel.
To include a part in this table, include the categories "//function/reporter/fluorescence" and set the part type to Coding under the Hard Information tab of the part.
NameProteinDescriptionTagDirectionFluorescent ColorEmissionExcitationLengthStatus
EYFPenhanced yellow fluorescent protein derived from A. victoria GFPNoneForwardYellow527514723In stock
ECFPengineered cyan fluorescent protein derived from A. victoria GFP NoneForwardCyan476439723In stock
mRFP1 **highly** engineered mutant of red fluorescent protein from Discosoma striata (coral)NoneForwardRed607584706In stock
mOrangederivative of mRFP1, yeast-optimizedNone562548769In stock
GFPmut3b green fluorescent protein derived from jellyfish Aequeora victoria wild-type GFP (SwissProt: P42212NoneForwardGreen511501720In stock
&dnTraf6-linker-GFP&&1446In stock
&dnMyD88-linker-GFP&&1155In stock
&Amino Portion of RFP&&462In stock
&Carboxyl portion of RFP&&220In stock
&GFP fusion brickForwardGreen&&718In stock
&Venus YFP, yeast optimized for fusionForwardYellow&&744In stock
GFPGFP(+LVA)&&756In stock
GFPmut3bGFP RFP HybridNone511501720In stock
&GFP with Standard 25 Prefix/Suffix &&735In stock
&Fusion Protein of S-Layer SgsE and mCitrine&&3129In stock
&Fusion Protein of S-Layer SgsE and mCerulean&&3129In stock
&Fusion Protein of S-Layer SbpA and mCherry RFP&&3912In stock
& Fusion Protein of S-Layer SbpA and mCerulean &&3921In stock
&Blue Fluorescent Protein (mTagBFP)&&705In stock
&Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP)&&720In stock
&Super Yellow Fluorescent Protein 2 (SYFP2)&&723In stock
&amajLime, yellow-green chromoprotein&&693In stock
&KillerRed&&723In stock
&fwYellow, yellow chromoprotein&&714In stock
mRFP1RFP from Discosoma striata (coral) with LAA-ssrA degradation tag (wt)SsrA-LAA degradation tagForwardRed607584714In stock
mRFP1RFP from Discosoma striata (coral) with AAV-ssrA degradation tagSsrA-AAVForwardRed607584714In stock
mRFP1RFP from Discosoma striata (coral) with DAS-ssrA degradation tagSsrA-DAS degradation tagForwardRed607584714In stock
GFPmut3bGFP (mut3b) with AAV-ssrA degradation tagSsrA-AAV degradation tagForwardGreen511501753In stock
mRFP1RFP from Discosoma striata (coral) with LVA-ssrA degradation tagSsrA-LVA degradation tagForwardRed607584714In stock
GFPmut3bGFP (mut3b) with LVA-ssrA degradation tagSsrA-LVA degradation tagForwardGreen511501753In stock
GFPmut3bGFP (mut3b) with LAA-ssrA degradation tagSsrA-LAA degradation tagForwardGreen511501753In stock
GFPmut3bGFP (mut3b) with SsrA-DAS+2 degradation tagSsrA-DAS+2 degradation tagForwardGreen511501759In stock
GFPmut3bGFP (mut3b) with DAS-ssrA degradation tagSsrA-DAS degradation tagForwardGreen511501753In stock
&CxpR & Split IFP1.4 [Cterm + Cterm][2]ForwardInfrared&&3742In stock
&sfGFP fused to CBDclos driven by LacI&&1252In stock
&sfGFP fused to CBDcex driven by LacI&&1279In stock
&CBDcex fused to sfGFP with T7 promoter&&1102In stock
&CherryNLS - synthetic construct monomeric red fluorescent protein with nuclear localization sequenceForwardRed&&733It's complicated
&GFP, AarI BD partForwardGreen&&714It's complicated
&mCherry, Aar1 AB part&&708It's complicated
&mCherry, Aar1 BD part&&708It's complicated
&GFP, AarI AB part&&714It's complicated
&slr2016 signal sequence + GFP fusion for secretion of GFPForwardGreen&&779It's complicated
&OFP (orange fluorescent protein)ForwardOrange&&864It's complicated
&SBFP2 (strongly enhanced blue fluorescent protein)&&720It's complicated
&GFP, Aar1 AD part&&714It's complicated
mCherrymCherry (rights owned by Clontech)forward&&708It's complicated
&Fusion Protein of S-Layer SgsE and mCherry RFP&&3120It's complicated
& Fusion Protein of S-Layer SbpA and mCitrine &&3921It's complicated
GFPmut3bGFP coding sequence with an N-terminal linkerForwardGreen511501750&
&dTomato, red fluorescent protein&&708&
&Cre-Dronpa Fusion&&1728&
&Cre-Dronpa fusion&&1746&
&Cre-dronpa fusion&&1764&
&Cre-dronpa fusion&&1782&
&Dronpa caged Cre with NLS&&2433&
&Dronpa caged Cre with NLS&&2451&
&Dronpa caged Cre with NLS&&2469&
&Dronpa caged Cre with NLS&&2487&
&IFP[1]ForwardInfrared&&405Not in stock
&CFP +tgt +lva&&858Not in stock
GFPmut3bGreen fluorescent protein (+LVA)LVAforward&&754Not in stock
&lpp_ompA_eGFP_streptavidin&&1533Not in stock
mBananamBanana (rights owned by Clontech)forward&&708Not in stock
&CFP&&732Not in stock
&Fusion Protein of mRFP, S-layer cspB from Corynebacterium halotolerans with TAT-sequence, PT7, RBS &&2189Not in stock
GFPmut3bgreen fluorescent protein derived from jellyfish Aequeora victoria wild-type GFP (His-tag)His6&&750Not in stock
GFPmut3bgreen fluorescent protein derived from jellyfish Aequeora victoria wild-type GFP (Freiburg-Standard)None&&729Not in stock
&IFP[2]ForwardInfrared&&585Not in stock
mRFP1**highly** engineered mutant of red fluorescent protein from Discosoma striata (coral) with barcode NoneForwardRed607584706Not in stock
Luminescence can be readily quantified using a plate reader or luminescence counter.
Luciferases are especially well-suited for measuring low levels of gene expression because cells tend to have little to no background luminescence in the absence of a luciferase.
NameProteinDescriptionDirectionUniprotKEGGE.C.SubstrateProductLengthStatus
&dnMyD88-linker-Rluc&&&&&1371In stock
&Firefly luciferase - luciferase from Photinus pyralis&&&&&1653In stock
&dnMyD88-linker-Rluc-linker-PEST191&&&&&1872It's complicated
Enzymes that produce colored substrates can be quantified using spectrophotometers or other instruments that can take absorbance measurements including plate readers.
Like luciferases, enzymes like &-galactosidase are good for measuring low levels of gene expression because they tend to amplify low signals.
NameProteinDescriptionDirectionUniProtKEGGE.C.SubstrateProductColorLengthStatus
&lacZ alpha fragment&&&&&234In stock
&lacZ (encoding beta-galactosidase, full-length)&&&&&3075It's complicated
&xylE&&&&&924It's complicated
NameProteinDescriptionTagDirectionUniProtKEGGLengthStatus
&amilCP, blue chromoprotein&&669In stock
&cjBlue, green chromoprotein&&702In stock
&tsPurple, purple chromoprotein&&690In stock
&yA (green pigment) from Aspergillus nidulans&&2156It's complicated
&amilGFP, yellow chromoprotein&&699It's complicated
&eforRed, red chromoprotein &&681It's complicated
&aeBlue blue chromoprotein&&699It's complicated
&Synthetic Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta (synCG-β)&&498It's complicated
&gfasPurple, purple chromoprotein&&669Not in stock
&spisPink, pink chromoprotein&&678Not in stock
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