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股票名称涨跌幅热度指数
成交额(亿)
成交额(亿)
········编者的话今年是中国证券市场成立20周年，让我们一起来回顾
证券市场成立20周年的时间里，中国证券市场牛熊转
换情况，八次牛市和七次熊市的特点，哪一类的股票
会成为历史上的大牛股，哪一类的股票又会成为大熊
股，以史为鉴，可以让我们更深刻地理解这个市场，
顺势而为，在未来的20年，跑赢市场。
& 指数涨幅
沪&&指： 95.79-1429.01点
涨幅: 1391.8%
深成指： 396.52点
涨幅：635.9%
& 行情特点
日上海证券交易所成立，一年内仅有8只股票，人称老八股；而当时股票交易前先手工填写委托单，被编到号的人才有资格拿到委托单，能买到股票等于中了头彩，因为没人愿意抛出。这使得沪指从90年12月开始计点，一路上扬，造就了第一次牛市。92年5月21日，上证所取消涨停板，将牛市推至顶峰，当日指数狂飙到1266.49点，单日涨幅105%，这一记录至今未破。
& 十大牛股
& 指数涨幅
沪&&指：386.85-1558.95点
涨幅: 301%
深成指：2.22点
涨幅: 123.8%
& 行情特点
1992年，中国的改革开放到了一个坎上，资本市场既有5 21的暴涨又有8 10暴动，但中国经济发生了一件大事，那就是邓小平南巡。邓小平的南巡讲话中，有关股市未来怎么发展的问题成为一大热点，而他讲话里最重要的是“坚决地试”这四个字。11月17日，天宸股份人民币股票上市，沪指完成最后一跌，第二轮牛市启动。三个月内快速上涨，301%的涨幅至今为股民津津乐道。
& 十大牛股
& 指数涨幅
沪&&指： 325.89-1052.94点
涨幅: 224.4%
深成指： 944.02-2162.75点
涨幅: 129.1%
& 行情特点
1993年至1994年间，我国宏观经济偏热并引发紧缩性宏观调控，同时A股实现了一次大规模的扩容，使得大盘一蹶不振的持续探底，证券市场一片萧条，94年7月29日大盘创下325.89的最低点。7月30日（周六）相关部门出台三大利好救市，94年8月1日沪指跳空高开，第三次牛市启动。井喷行情随即展开，市场在不到30个交易日的时间上涨至1052.94点。
& 十大牛股
& 指数涨幅
沪&&指：582.89-926.41点
涨幅: 60.5%
深成指： 3.29点
涨幅: 42.7%
& 行情特点
年，我国为了推进与大力发展国债市场，开设了国债期货市场，立即吸引了几乎90%的资金，股市则持续下跌。1995年2月，327国债期货事件发生；5月17日，中国证监会暂停国债期货交易，在期货市场上呼风唤雨的资金短线大规模杀入股票市场，掀起了一次短线暴涨。第四次牛市仅3个交易日，是A股史上最短的一次牛市，股指却从582.89涨到926.41。
& 十大牛股
& 指数涨幅
沪&&指：512.03-1510.18点
涨幅: 194.5%
深成指：924.33-6103.62点
涨幅: 560.3%
& 行情特点
经过连续的下跌，1996年1月股市终于开始走稳，最低点已经探明512点，新股再次发行困难，管理层被迫停发了新股，而政策也开始偏暖，券商资金面开始宽裕，各路资金也开始对优质股票进行井井有条的建仓。第五次牛市启动，崇尚绩优开始成为主流投资理念。火爆行情非同寻常，管理层连发12道金牌亦未能阻止股指上扬，直到日(周六)印花税由3‰上调至5‰。
& 十大牛股
& 指数涨幅
沪&&指：5.44点
涨幅: 114.3%
深成指：1.46点
涨幅: 102%
& 行情特点
第六次牛市俗称5 19行情。由于管理层容许三类企业入市，到99年5月，主力的筹码已经相当多了，市场对今后将推出的一系列利好报有很高的期望，5月19日人民日报发表社论，指出中国股市会有很大发展，投资者踊跃入市。日，证监会决定试行向二级市场配售新股，资金空前增加，网络概念股的强劲喷发推动沪指创下2245的历史最高点。
& 十大牛股
& 指数涨幅
沪&&指：998.23-6124.04点
涨幅: 513.5%
深成指：00.03点
涨幅: 656.6%
& 行情特点
第七次牛市起点来自2005年5月股权分置改革启动展开，开放式基金大量发行，人民币升值预期，带来的境内资金流动性过剩，资金全面杀入市场。而之后伴随着基金的疯狂发行和市场乐观情绪，在5 30调高印花税都没能改变市场的运行轨迹，一路冲高至6124点。此轮牛市曾被媒体称为全民炒股的时代。
& 十大牛股
& 指数涨幅
沪&&指：8.01点
涨幅: 108.9%
深成指：43.44点
涨幅: 150%
& 行情特点
件随着四万亿投资政策和十大产业振兴规划，A股市场掀起了新一轮大牛市，股价从1664点涨至3478点，在不到十个月的时间里股价大涨109%。3月3日后的逼空上涨性质能与06年和07年的超级疯牛相媲美。即使IPO重启这样特大利空也未能改变牛市的前进。直到09年7月29日第一只大盘股上市和紧缩的宏观政策才阶段性结束了第八轮牛市。
& 十大牛股
第一次牛市
沪指：1391.8%
深成指：635.9%
第二次牛市
沪指：301%
深成指：123.8%
第三次牛市
沪指：224.4%
深成指：129.1%
第四次牛市
沪指：60.5%
深成指：42.7%
第五次牛市
沪指：194.5%
深成指：560.3%
第六次牛市
沪指：114.3%
深成指：102%
第七次牛市
沪指：513.5%
深成指：656.6%
第八次牛市
沪指：108.9%
深成指：150%
Copyright & 1998 - 2018 Tencent. All Rights ReservedA collection of Unix/Linux ‘find’ command examples
By Alvin Alexander. Last updated: February 27 2018
Table of Contents
Table of Contents1 - Abridged ‘find’ command examples2 - Basic find command examples3 - Find directories with the Unix find command4 - Find files that don't match a pattern5 - Finding files that contain text (find + grep)6 - Acting on files you find (find + exec)7 - Running the ls command on files you find8 - Find and delete9 - Find files with different file extensions10 - Case-insensitive file searching11 - Find files by modification time12 - More find command resources
Linux/Unix FAQ: Can you share some Linux find command examples?
Sure. The Linux find command is very powerful. It can search the entire filesystem to find files and directories according to the search criteria you specify. Besides using the find command to locate files, you can also use it to execute other
commands (grep, mv, rm, etc.) on the files and directories you find, which makes find even more powerful.
In this article I’ll take a look at the most common uses of the find command.
(this space intentionally left blank for that long “table of contents” over there --&)
Abridged ‘find’ command examples
If you just want to see some examples and skip the reading, here are a little more than thirty find command examples to get you started. Almost every command is followed by a short description to others are described more fully at the URLs shown:
basic 'find file' commands
--------------------------
find / -name foo.txt -type f -print
# full command
find / -name foo.txt -type f
# -print isn't necessary
find / -name foo.txt
# don't have to specify "type==file"
find . -name foo.txt
# search under the current dir
find . -name "foo.*"
# wildcard
find . -name "*.txt"
# wildcard
find /users/al -name Cookbook -type d
# search '/users/al' dir
search multiple dirs
--------------------
find /opt /usr /var -name foo.scala -type f
# search multiple dirs
case-insensitive searching
--------------------------
find . -iname foo
# find foo, Foo, FOo, FOO, etc.
find . -iname foo -type d
# same thing, but only dirs
find . -iname foo -type f
# same thing, but only files
find files with different extensions
------------------------------------
find . -type f \( -name "*.c" -o -name "*.sh" \)
# *.c and *.sh files
find . -type f \( -name "*cache" -o -name "*xml" -o -name "*html" \)
# three patterns
find files that don't match a pattern (-not)
--------------------------------------------
find . -type f -not -name "*.html"
# find all files not ending in ".html"
find files by text in the file (find + grep)
--------------------------------------------
find . -type f -name "*.java" -exec grep -l StringBuffer {} \;
# find StringBuffer in all *.java files
find . -type f -name "*.java" -exec grep -il string {} \;
# ignore case with -i option
find . -type f -name "*.gz" -exec zgrep 'GET /foo' {} \;
# search for a string in gzip'd files
5 lines before, 10 lines after grep matches
-------------------------------------------
find . -type f -name "*.scala" -exec grep -B5 -A10 'null' {} \;
(see http://alvinalexander.com/linux-unix/find-grep-print-lines-before-after-search-term)
find files and act on them (find + exec)
----------------------------------------
find /usr/local -name "*.html" -type f -exec chmod 644 {} \;
# change html files to mode 644
find htdocs cgi-bin -name "*.cgi" -type f -exec chmod 755 {} \;
# change cgi files to mode 755
find . -name "*.pl" -exec ls -ld {} \;
# run ls command on files found
find and copy
-------------
find . -type f -name "*.mp3" -exec cp {} /tmp/MusicFiles \;
# cp *.mp3 files to /tmp/MusicFiles
copy one file to many dirs
--------------------------
find dir1 dir2 dir3 dir4 -type d -exec cp header.shtml {} \;
# copy the file header.shtml to those dirs
find and delete
---------------
find . -type f -name "Foo*" -exec rm {} \;
# remove all "Foo*" files under current dir
find . -type d -name CVS -exec rm -r {} \;
# remove all subdirectories named "CVS" under current dir
find files by modification time
-------------------------------
find . -mtime 1
# 24 hours
find . -mtime -7
# last 7 days
find . -mtime -7 -type f
# just files
find . -mtime -7 -type d
# just dirs
find files by modification time using a temp file
-------------------------------------------------
# 1) create a temp file with a specific timestamp
find . -mnewer poop
# 2) returns a list of new files
# 3) rm the temp file
find with time: this works on mac os x
--------------------------------------
find / -newerct '1 minute ago' -print
find and tar
------------
find . -type f -name "*.java" | xargs tar cvf myfile.tar
find . -type f -name "*.java" | xargs tar rvf myfile.tar
(see http://alvinalexander.com/blog/post/linux-unix/using-find-xargs-tar-create-huge-archive-cygwin-linux-unix
for more information)
find, tar, and xargs
--------------------
find . -name -type f '*.mp3' -mtime -180 -print0 | xargs -0 tar rvf music.tar
(-print0 helps handle spaces in filenames)
(see http://alvinalexander.com/mac-os-x/mac-backup-filename-directories-spaces-find-tar-xargs)
find and pax (instead of xargs and tar)
---------------------------------------
find . -type f -name "*html" | xargs tar cvf jw-htmlfiles.tar -
find . -type f -name "*html" | pax -w -f jw-htmlfiles.tar
(see http://alvinalexander.com/blog/post/linux-unix/using-pax-instead-of-tar)
On a related note, don’t forget . It keeps a database on your Unix/Linux system to help find files very fast:
locate command
--------------
locate tomcat.sh
# search the entire filesystem for 'tomcat.sh' (uses the locate database)
locate -i spring.jar
# case-insensitive search
If you know of any more good find commands to share, please leave a note in the Comments section below.
The remaining sections on this page describe more fully the commands just shown.
Basic find command examples
This first Linux find example searches through the root filesystem ("/") for the file named Chapter1. If it finds the file, it prints the location to the screen.
find / -name Chapter1 -type f -print
On Linux systems and modern Unix system you no longer need the -print option at the end of the find command, so you can issue it like this:
find / -name Chapter1 -type f
The -type f option here tells the find command to return only files. If you don’t use it, the find command will returns files, directories, and other things like named pipes and device files that match the name pattern you specify. If you don't care about that, just leave the -type f option off your command.
This next find command searches through only the /usr and /home directories for any file named Chapter1.txt:
find /usr /home -name Chapter1.txt -type f
To search in the current directory — and all subdirectories — just use the . character to reference the current directory in your find commands, like this:
find . -name Chapter1 -type f
This next example searches through the /usr directory for all files that begin with the letters Chapter, followed by anything else. The filename can end with any other combination of characters. It will match filenames such as Chapter, Chapter1, Chapter1.bad, Chapter-in-life, etc.:
find /usr -name "Chapter*" -type f
This next command searches through the /usr/local directory for files that end with the extension .html. These file locations are then printed to the screen:
find /usr/local -name "*.html" -type f
Find directories with the Unix find command
Every option you just saw for finding files can also be used on directories. Just replace the -f option with a -d option. For instance, to find all directories named build under the current directory, use this command:
find . -type d -name build
Find files that don't match a pattern
To find all files that don't match a filename pattern, use the -not argument of the find command, like this:
find . -type f -not -name "*.html"
That generates a list of all files beneath the current directory whose filename DOES NOT end in .html, so it matches files like *.txt, *.jpg, and so on.
Finding files that contain text (find + grep)
You can combine the Linux find and
to powerfully search for text strings in many files.
This next command shows how to find all files beneath the current directory that end with the extension .java, and contain the characters StringBuffer. The -l argument to the grep command tells it to just print the name of the file where a match is found, instead of printing all the matches themselves:
find . -type f -name "*.java" -exec grep -l StringBuffer {} \;
(Those last few characters are required any time you want to exec a command on the files that are found. I find it helpful to think of them as a placeholder for each file that is found.)
This next example is similar, but here I use the -i argument to the grep command, telling it to ignore the case of the characters string, so it will find files that contain string, String, STRING, etc.:
find . -type f -name "*.java" -exec grep -il string {} \;
Acting on files you find (find + exec)
This command searches through the /usr/local directory for files that end with the extension .html. When these files are found, their permission is changed to mode 644 (rw-r--r--).
find /usr/local -name "*.html" -type f -exec chmod 644 {} \;
This find command searches through the htdocs and cgi-bin directories for files that end with the extension .cgi. When these files are found, their permission is changed to mode 755 (rwxr-xr-x). This example shows that the find command can easily search through multiple sub-directories (htdocs, cgi-bin) at one time:
find htdocs cgi-bin -name "*.cgi" -type f -exec chmod 755 {} \;
Running the ls command on files you find
From time to time I run the find command with the ls command so I can get detailed information about files the find command locates. To get started, this find command will find all the *.pl files (Perl files) beneath the current directory:
find . -name "*.pl"
In my current directory, the output of this command looks like this:
./news/newsbot/old/3filter.pl
./news/newsbot/tokenParser.pl
./news/robonews/makeListOfNewsURLs.pl
That's nice, but what if I want to see the last modification time of these files, or their filesize? No problem, I just add the ls -ld command to my find command, like this:
find . -name "*.pl" -exec ls -ld {} \;
This results in this very different output:
-rwxrwxr-x 1 root root 2907 Jun 15
2002 ./news/newsbot/old/3filter.pl
-rwxrwxr-x 1 root root 336
2002 ./news/newsbot/tokenParser.pl
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2371 Jun 17
2002 ./news/robonews/makeListOfNewsURLs.pl
The "-l" flag of the ls command tells ls to give me a "long listing" of each file, while the -d flag is extremely it tells ls to give me the same output for a directory. Normally if you use the ls command on a directory, ls will list the contents of the directory, but if you use the -d option, you'll get one line of information, as shown above.
Find and delete
Be very careful with these next two commands. If you type them in wrong, or make the wrong assumptions about what you're searching for, you can delete a lot of files very fast. Make sure you have backups and all that, you have been warned.
Here's how to find all files beneath the current directory that begin with the letters 'Foo' and delete them.
find . -type f -name "Foo*" -exec rm {} \;
This one is even more dangerous. It finds all directories named CVS, and deletes them and their contents. Just like the previous command, be very careful with this command, it is dangerous(!), and not recommended for newbies, or if you don't have a backup.
find . -type d -name CVS -exec rm -r {} \;
Find files with different file extensions
The syntax to find multiple filename extensions with one command looks like this:
find . -type f \( -name "*.c" -o -name "*.sh" \)
Just keep adding more "-o" (or) options for each filename extension. Here's a link to
To perform a case-insensitive search with the Unix/Linux find command, use the -iname option instead of -name. For example, if you want to search for all files and directories named foo, FOO, or any other combination of uppercase and lowercase characters beneath the current directory, use this command:
find . -iname foo
If you’re just interested in directories, search like this:
find . -iname foo -type d
And if you’re just looking for files, search like this:
find . -iname foo -type f
To find all files and directories that have been modified in the last seven days, use this find command:
find . -mtime -7
To limit the output to just files, add the -type f option as shown earlier:
find . -mtime -7 -type f
and to show just directories:
find . -mtime -7 -type d
More find command resources
If you’re just looking for a file by name, and you want to be able to find that file even faster than you can with the find command, take a look at the . The locate command keeps filenames in a database, and can find them very fast.
For more details on the find command, check out our online version of the .
Also, if you have any favorite Linux and Unix find commands you’d like to share, please use the comment form below.
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