From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Kobe Bryant sexual assault case began in July 2003 when the news media reported that the sheriff's office in
had arrested professional basketball player
in connection with an investigation of a
complaint filed by a 19-year-old hotel employee. Bryant had checked into The Lodge and Spa at Cordillera, a hotel in , on June 30 in advance of having surgery near there on July 2 under . The woman accused Bryant of
her in his hotel room on July 1, the night before the surgery.
Bryant admitted to an
sexual encounter with his accuser, but denied the assault allegation. The case was dropped after Bryant's accuser refused to testify in the case. A separate civil suit was later filed against Bryant by the woman. This was settled out of court and included Bryant's publicly apologizing to his accuser, though admitting no guilt on his part.
Eagle County Sheriff investigators first confronted Bryant with the sexual assault accusation on July 2. During the July 2003 interview with investigators, Bryant initially told investigators that he did not have sexual intercourse with his accuser, a 19-year-old woman who worked at the hotel where Bryant was staying. When the officers told Bryant that she had taken an exam that yielded physical evidence, such as semen, Bryant admitted to having sexual intercourse with her, but stated that the sex was consensual. When asked about bruises on the accuser's neck, Bryant admitted to "strangling" her during the encounter, stating that he held her "from the back" "around her neck", that strangling during sex was his "thing" and that he had a pattern of strangling a different sex partner (not his wife) during their recurring sexual encounters. When asked how hard he was holding onto her neck, Bryant stated, "My hands are strong. I don't know." Bryant stated that he assumed consent for sex because of the accuser's body language such as her kissing him, putting her hand on his penis and bending over, but that he did not explicitly ask for her consent during the encounter. Bryant later said that he believed his accuser was capable of saying no because during the encounter he asked her if he could "cum on her face", and she said no.
Law enforcement officials collected evidence from Bryant and he agreed to submit to a
and a voluntary . On July 4, Sheriff Joe Hoy issued an
for Bryant. Bryant flew from Los Angeles back to Eagle, Colorado to surrender to police. He was immediately released on $25,000 , and news of the arrest became public two days after that. On July 18, the Eagle County District Attorney's office filed a formal charge against Bryant for sexual assault. If convicted, Bryant faced
to life in prison.
On July 18, after he was formally charged, Bryant held a news conference in which he adamantly denied having raped the woman. With his wife, , at his side, he confessed, in tears, to having an
sexual encounter with her, but insisted that everything that happened between the two had been consensual.
As the hearings began, the prosecution accused Bryant's defense team of attacking his accuser's credibility. It was revealed that she wore underpants containing another man's semen and pubic hair to her rape exam the day after the alleged incident. Detective Doug Winters stated that the yellow underwear she wore to her rape exam contained sperm from another man, along with Caucasian pubic hair. Bryant's defense stated that the exam results showed "compelling evidence of innocence" because the accuser must have had another sexual encounter immediately after the incident. She told investigators that she grabbed dirty underwear by mistake from her laundry basket when she left her home for the examination. On the day she was examined, she said she hadn’t showered since the morning of the incident. The examination found evidence of , which Bryant’s defense team claimed was consistent with having sex with multiple partners in two days.
The evidence recovered by police included the T-shirt that Bryant wore the night of the incident, which had three small stains of the accuser's blood on it. The smudge was verified to be the accuser's blood by
and probably was not
because the accuser said she had her period two weeks earlier. It was revealed that Bryant leaned the woman over a chair to have sex with her, which allegedly caused the bleeding. This was the sex act in question, as the accuser claims she told Bryant to stop but he would not, and Bryant claims he stopped after asking if he could ejaculate on her face.
Trina McKay, the resort's night auditor, said she saw the accuser as she was leaving to go home, and "she did not look or sound as if there had been any problem". However, Bobby Pietrack, the accuser's high school friend and a bellman at the resort, said she appeared to be very upset, and "told me that Kobe Bryant had forced sex with her".
A few weeks before the trial was scheduled to begin, the accuser wrote a letter to state investigator Gerry Sandberg clarifying some details of her first interview by Colorado police. She wrote, "I told Detective Winters that on that morning while leaving I had car troubles. That was not true. When I called in late to work that day that was the reason I gave my boss for being late. In all reality, I had simply overslept...I told Detective Winters that Mr. Bryant had made me stay in the room and wash my face. While I was held against my will in that room, I was not forced to wash my face. I did not wash my face. Instead I stopped at the mirror by the elevator on that floor to clean my face up. I am extremely disappointed in myself and also very sorry to anyone misled by that mix-up of information. I said what I said because I felt that Detective Winters did not believe what had happened to me."
Bryant's defense lawyer Pamela Mackey asserted that the accuser was taking an anti-psychotic drug for the treatment of
at the time of the incident. The accuser was hospitalized as a "danger to herself" four months before the alleged sexual assault. Lindsey McKinney, who lived with the accuser, said the woman twice tried to kill herself at school by overdosing on sleeping pills. Before the alleged incident, the accuser, an aspiring singer, tried out for the television show
with the song "Forgive" by , but failed to advance. In addition to the woman's moral character and reputation being challenged by Bryant's defense lawyer, she received death threats and hate mail.
On September 1, 2004 Eagle County District Judge Terry Ruckriegle dismissed the charges against Bryant, after prosecutors spent more than $200,000 preparing for trial, because his accuser informed them that she was unwilling to testify.
Before the case was scheduled to go to trial, his accuser filed a civil lawsuit against Bryant over the incident. The two sides ultimately settled that lawsuit, with specific terms of the settlement being undisclosed to the public. Bryant did, however, issue the following statement through his attorney, as part of an agreement with the accuser to dismiss the sexual assault charge:
First, I want to apologize directly to the young woman involved in this incident. I want to apologize to her for my behavior that night and for the consequences she has suffered in the past year. Although this year has been incredibly difficult for me personally, I can only imagine the pain she has had to endure. I also want to apologize to her parents and family members, and to my family and friends and supporters, and to the citizens of Eagle, Colo.
I also want to make it clear that I do not question the motives of this young woman. No money has been paid to this woman. She has agreed that this statement will not be used against me in the civil case. Although I truly believe this encounter between us was consensual, I recognize now that she did not and does not view this incident the same way I did. After months of reviewing discovery, listening to her attorney, and even her testimony in person, I now understand how she feels that she did not consent to this encounter.
I issue this statement today fully aware that while one part of this case ends today, another remains. I understand that the civil case against me will go forward. That part of this case will be decided by and between the parties directly involved in the incident and will no longer be a financial or emotional drain on the citizens of the state of Colorado.
Eight months after the initial incident, the Lodge & Spa at Cordillera remodeled and as part of that sold some furniture. There was speculation that some pieces included in this sale were from "Room 35" where Kobe Bryant had allegedly stayed at the time. The lodge denied this and stated they had disposed of the furniture from that room separately.
Bryant signed a seven-year, $136 million contract a year after the allegations, and regained several of his endorsements from , , and . He was named the NBA's
in 2008 and the Finals' Most Valuable Player in
On December 16, 2011, Bryant's wife filed for divorce, citing . However, Bryant and his wife reconciled in January 2013.
Johnston, Lauren (February 2, 2004). . .
. /. May 7, 2009
. VailDaily 2017.
. The Smoking Gun 2017.
. . July 23, 2003
. CNN. July 22, 2003
. 15 October 2003.
Shaw, Mark. . . December 21, 2003
. Page 19. . accessed October 6, 2011.
. . May 7, 2009
. The Smoking Gun. October 12, 2004
. . July 24, 2003
Moreno, Sylvia. . . August 30, 2004
Lopez, Aaron J. (March 15, 2007). . Archived from
on July 17, .
. /. September 2, 2004.
via /. March 3, 2005.
Jack Chesnutt. . .
Badenhausen, Kurt (3 September 2004). . Forbes.com.
. . 7 May 2008.
Kim, Victoria (December 16, 2011). . Los Angeles Times 2011.
News, ABC (June 12, 2012). . ABC News.
: Hidden categories:新GRE&Prep题目附参考答案
&新GRE prep
1 dramatic literature
often&&&&&&
the history of a culture in that it takes as its subject matter the
important events that have shaped and guided the
A confounds
B repudiates
C recapitulates
D anticipates
E polarizes
2 since she believe him to
be both candid and trustworthy, she refused to consider the
possibility that his statement had been&&&&&
A irrelevant
B facetious
C mistaken
D critical
E insincere
3 given how (i)_______ the
shortcomings of the standard economic model are in its portrayal of
human behavior, the failure of many economists to respond to them
is astonishing. They continue to fill the journals with yet more
proofs of yet more (ii)_______ theorem.& Others, by contrast,
accept the criticisms as a challenge, seeking to expand the basic
model to embrace a wider range of things people do.
4. There has been much
hand-wringing about how unprepared American students are for
college. Graff reverses this perspective, suggesting that colleges
are unprepared for students. In his analysis, the university
culture is largely (i) _______ entering students because academic
culture fails to make connections to the kinds of arguments and
cultural references that students grasp. Understandably, many
students view academic life as (ii)________ ritual.
5. The narratives that
vanquished peoples have created of their defeat have, according to
Schivelbusch, fallen into several identifiable types. In one of
these, the vanquished manage to (i)&&
________the victor’s triumph as the result of some spurious
advantage, the victors being truly inferior where it counts. Often
the winners (ii) _______ this interpretation, worrying about the
culture or moral costs of their triumph and so giving some credence
to the loser’s story.
6. The question of
(i)________ in photography has lately become nontrivial, prices for
vintage prints(those make by a photographer soon after he or she
made the negative) so drastically (ii)&&
_________in the 1990s that one of these photographs might fetch a
hundred times as much as a nonvintage print of the same image. It
was perhaps only a matter of time before someone took advantage of
the (iii)_______ to peddle newly created
“vintage”prints for profit.
逻辑题)Even after numerous
products made with artificial sweeteners became available, sugar
consumption per capita continued to rise. Now manufacturers are
introducing fat-free versions of various foods that they claim have
the taste and texture of the traditional high-fat versions. Even if
the manufacturers’s claim is true, given that the availability of
sugar-free foods did not reduce sugar consumption, it is unlikely
that the availability of these fat-free foods will reduce fat
consumption.
Which of the following, if
true, most seriously undermines the argument?
A several kinds of fat
substitute are available to manufacturers, each of which gives a
noticeably different taste and texture to products that contain
B &the products made with
artificial sweeteners did not taste like products made with
C &the foods brought out
in sugar-free versions did not generally have reduced levels of
fat, but many of the fat-free versions about to be introduced are
low in sugar.
D &people who regularly
consume products containing artificial sweeteners are more likely
than others to consume fat-free foods.
E not all foods containing
fat can be produced in fat-free versions.
(8-11题基于以下文章阅读)
Recent studies of sediment
in the North Atlantic’deep waters reveal possible cyclical patterns in
the history of Earth’s climate. The rock fragments in these sediments
are too large to have been transported there by ocean currents,
they must have reached their present locations by traveling in
large icebergs that floated long distance from their point of
origin before melting. Geologist Gerard Bond noticed that some of
the sediment grains were stained with iron oxide, evidence that
they originated in locales where glaciers had overrun outcrops of
red sandstone. Bond’s detailed analysis of deep-water sediment cores
showed changes in the mix of sediment sources over time: the
proportion of these red-stained grains fluctuated back and forth
from lows of 5 percent to highs of about 17 percent, and these
fluctuations occurred in a nearly regular 1,500-year
Bond hypothesized that the
alternation cycles might be evidence of changes in ocean-water
circulation and therefore in Earth’s climate. He knew that the sources of the
red-stained grains were generally closer to the North Pole than
were the places yielding a high proportion of
grains. At certain times,
apparently, more icebergs from the Arctic Ocean in the far north
were traveling south well into the North Atlantic before melting
and shedding their sediment.
Ocean waters are constantly
moving. And water temperature is both a cause and an effect of this
movement. As water cools, it becomes denser and sinks to the
ocean’s bottom. During some periods, the bottom layer of
the world’s oceans comes from cold, dense water sinking in
the far North Atlantic. This causes the warm surface waters of the
Gulf Stream to be pulled northward. Bond realized that during such
periods, the influx of these warm surface waters into northern
regions could cause a large proportion of the icebergs that bear
red grains to melt before traveling very far into the North
Atlantic. But sometimes the ocean’s dynamic changes, and waters from the Gulf stream
do not travel northward in this way. During these periods, surface
waters in the North Atlantic would generally be colder, permitting
icebergs bearing red-stained grains to travel farther south in the
North Atlantic before melting and depositing their
The onset of the so-called
Little Ice Age(), which followed the Medieval Warm Period
of the eighth through tenth centuries, may represent the most
recent time that the ocean’s dynamic changed in this way. If ongoing
climate-history studies support Bond’s hypothesis of 1,500-year cycles, scientists may
establish a major natural rhythm in Earth’s temperatures that could then be extrapolated
into the future. Because the midpoint of the Medieval Warm Period
was about AD.850, an extension of Bond’s cycles would place the midpoint of the next warm
interval in the twenty-fourth century.
8 according to the passage,
which of the following is true of the rock fragments contained in
the sediments studied by Bond?
A the majority of them are
composed of red sandstone.
B they must have reached
their present location over 1,500 years ago.
C they were carried by
icebergs to their present location.
D Most of them were carried
to their present location during a warm period in
Earth’s climatic history.
E They are unlikely to have
been carried to their present location during the Little Ice
9 In the final paragraph of
the passage, the author is concerned primarily with
A answering a question about
Earth’s climatic history
B pointing out a potential
flaw in Bond’s hypothesis
C suggesting a new focus for
the study of ocean sediments
D tracing the general
history of Earth’s climate
E discussing possible
implications of Bond’s hypothesis.
10 According to the passage,
Bond hypothesized that which of the following circumstances would
allow red-stained sediment grains to reach more southerly
latitudes?
A Warm waters being pulled
northward from the Gulf Stream
B Climatic conditions
causing icebergs to melt relatively quickly
C Icebergs containing a
higher proportion of iron oxide than usual
D The formation of more
icebergs than usual in the far north
E the presence of cold
surface waters in the North Atlantic
11 It can be inferred from
the passage that in sediment cores from the North
Atlantic’s deep waters, the portions that correspond to the
Little Ice Age
A differ very little in
composition from the portions that correspond to the Medieval Warm
B fluctuate significantly in
composition between the portions corresponding to the 1300s and the
portions corresponding to the 1700s
C would be likely to contain
a proportion of red-stained grains closer to 17 percent than to 5
D show a much higher
proportion of red-stained grains in cores extracted from the far
north of the North Atlantic than in cores extracted from further
E were formed in part as a
result of Gulf Stream waters having been pulled
northward.
12 Early critics of Emily
Dickinson’s poetry mistook for simplemindedness the surface
of artlessness that in fact she constructed with
such&&&&&&
A astonishment
D innocence
F vexation
13 The macromolecule RNA is
common to all living beings, and DNA, which is found in all
organisms except some bacteria, is almost &&&&&&
A comprehensive
B fundamental
C inclusive
D universal
E significant
F ubiquitous
14 While in many ways their
personalities could not have been more different—she was ebullient
where he was glum, relaxed where he was awkward, garrulous where he
was &&&&&&&&--they
were surprisingly well suited.
A solicitous
B munificent
irresolute
&D laconic
fastidious
&F taciturn
15 Even in this business,
where________is part of everyday life, a talent of lying is not
something usually found on one’s resume.
A aspiration
B mendacity
C prevarication
D insensitivity
E baseness
（16题基于以下文章阅读）&
Historians frequently employ
probate inventories- lists of possessions compiles after a
person’s death—to estimate standard of living. Because
these inventories were taken by amateur assessors according to
unwritten rules, they are sometimes unreliable. One way to check
their accuracy is to compare them to archaeological records. A
study of records from the state of Delaware in the eighteenth
century found that while very few inventories listed earthenware,
every excavation contained earthenware. Earthenware may have gone
unlisted simply because it &was inexpensive. But
if it was so commonplace, why was it listed more often for wealthy
households？Perhaps the more earthenware people had, the more
likely appraisers were to note it. A few bowls could easily be
absorbed into another category, but a roomful of earthenware could
16 Select the sentence that
provides support for an answer to a question in the
（17-19题基于以下文章阅读）
In the 1980s,
neuroscientists studying the brain processes underlying our sense
of conscious will compared subjects’
judgments regarding their
subjective will to move(W) and actual movement(M) with objective
electroencephalographic activity called readiness potential, or RP.
As expected, W preceded M: subjects consciously perceived the
intention to move as preceding a conscious experience of actually
moving. This might seem to suggest an appropriate correspondence
between the sequence of subjective experiences and the sequence of
the underlying events in the brain. But researchers actually found
a surprising temporal relation between subjective experience and
objectively measured neural events: in direct contradiction of the
classical conception of free will, neural preparation to move(RP)
preceded conscious awareness of the intention to move(W) by
hundreds of milliseconds.
17 based on information
contained in the passage, which of the following chains of events
would most closely conform to the classical conception of free
A W followed by RP followed
B RP followed by W followed
C M followed by W followed
D RP followed by M followed
E RP followed by W and M
simultaneously
18 in the context in which
it appears,
‘temporal’
most nearly means
C numerical
D physiological
E chronological
19 the author of the passage
mentions the classical conception of free will primarily in order
A argue that earlier
theories regarding certain brain processes were based on false
assumptions
B suggest a possible flaw in
the reasoning of neuroscientists conducting the study discussed in
the passage
C provide a possible
explanation for the unexpected results obtained by
neuroscientists
D cast doubt on
neuroscientists’
conclusions regarding the
temporal sequence of brain processes
E indicate the reason that
the results of the neuroscientists’
study were
surprising.
20．（逻辑题）Rain-soaked soil contains less oxygen than does
drier soil. The roots of melon
plants perform less efficiently under the low-oxygen conditions
present in rain-soaked soil. When the efficiency of melon
roots is impaired, the roots do not supply sufficient amounts of
the proper nutrients for the plants to perform photosynthesis at
their usual levels. It follows that melon plants have a
lower-than-usual rate of photosynthesis when their roots are in
rain-soaked soil. When the photosynthesis of the plants
slows, sugar stored in the fruits is drawn off to supply the plants
with energy. Therefore, ripe melons harvested after a prolonged
period of heavy rain should be less sweet than other ripe
In the argument given, the
two highlighted portions play which of the following
A the first states the
conclusion of the argument as a whole, the second provides support
for that conclusion.
B the first provide support
for the conclusion of the argument as a whole, the second provides
evidence that support an objection to that conclusion.
C the first provide support
for an intermediate conclusion that support a further conclusion
stated in the argument, the second states that intermediate
conclusion.
D the first serves as an
intermediate conclusion that support a further conclusion stated in
the argument, the second states the position that the argument as a
whole opposes.
E the first states the
position that the argumen the second supports
the conclusion of the argument .
参考答案：
1C 2 E &3 CD &4 BD &5 AF &6 ADG &7 B &8 C &9 E &10 E &11 C &12 BC &13 DF &14 DF &15 BC &16
最后一句 &17&A&&18
1 Far from viewing Jefferson
as a skeptical but enlightened intellectual, historians of the
1960’s portrayed him as______thinker, eager to fill the young with
his political orthodoxy while censoring ideas he did not
2 stories are a haunted
genre, hardly(i)________kind of story, the ghost story is almost
the paradigm of the form, and (ii)________ was undoubtedly one
effect that Poe had in mind when he wrote about how stories
playwright’s approach is(i)________ in that her
works(ii)______ the theatrical devices normally used to create
drama on the stage
4 I’ve long anticipated this retrospective of the
artist’s work, hoping it would make (i)______&&&
judgments about him possible, but greater familiarity with his
paintings highlights their inherent (ii)______ and actually makes
one’s assessment(iii)_______ .
5 Higher energy prices would
have many (i)_______ effects on society as a whole. Besides
encouraging consumers to be more (ii)_________ in their use of
gasoline, they would encourage the development of renewable
alternative energy sources that are not (iii)_____ at current
6 But they pay little
attention to the opposite and more treacherous failing: false
certainty, refusing to confess their mistakes and implicitly
claiming(i) ________ ,thereby embarrassing the nation and
undermining the Constitution, which established various mechanisms
of self-correction on the premise that even the wisest men are
sometimes wrong and need, precisely when they find it most
(ii)_______ , the benefit of (iii)________ process.
（7-9题基于以下文章阅读）
Music critics have
consistently defined James P. Johnson as a great early jazz
pianist, originator of the 1920s Harlem“stride”style, and an important blues and jazz composer.
In addition, however, Johnson was an innovator in classical music,
composing symphonic music that incorporated American, and
especially African American, traditions.
Such a blend of musical
elements was not entirely new: by 1924 both Milhaud and Gershwin
had composed classical works that incorporated elements of jazz.
Johnson, a serious musician more experienced than most classical
composers with jazz, blues, spirituals, and popular music, was
particularly suited to expand Mihaud’s Gershwin’s experiments . In 1927 he completed his first
large-scale work, the blues-and jazz-inspired Yamekraw, which
included borrowings from spirituals and Johnson’s own popular songs. Yamekraw, premiered
successfully in Carnegie Hall, was a major achievement for Johnson,
becoming his most frequently performed extended work. It
demonstrated vividly the possibility of assimilating contemporary
popular music into the symphonic tradition.
7 which if the following
best describes the organization of the passage?
A a historical overview is
presented, and a particular phenomenon is noted and
B a popular belief is
challenged, and a rival interpretation is presented and
supported.
C a common viewpoint is
presented and modified, and the modification is
supported.
D an observation is made and
rejected, and evidence for that rejection is presented.
E a common claim is
investigated, and an alternative outlook is analyzed and
criticized.
8 consider each of the
choices separately and select all that apply
The author suggest which of
the following about most classical composers of the early
A they were strongly
influenced by the musical experiments of Milhaud and
B they had little working
familiarity with such forms of American music as jazz, blues, and
popular songs.
C they made few attempts to
introduce innovations into the classical symphonic
tradition.
9 the passage states that
Johnson composed all of the following EXCEPT :
A jazz works
B popular songs
C symphonic music
D spirituals
E blues pieces
（10-11题基于以下文章阅读）
The nearly circular orbits
of planets in our solar system led scientists to expect that
planets around other stars would also reside in circular orbits.
However, most known extrasolar planets reside in highly elongated,
not circular, orbits. Why? The best clue comes from comets in our
solar system. Comets formed in circular orbits but were
gravitationally flung into their present-day elliptical orbits when
they ventured too close to planets. Astronomers suspect that pairs
of planets also engage in this slingshot activity, leaving them in
disturbed, elliptical orbits. If two planets form in close orbits,
one will be scattered inward(toward its star), the other outward.
They will likely then travel close enough to neighboring planets to
disturb their orbits also.
10 consider each of the
choices and select all that apply
According to the passage,
which of the following factors help account for the elliptical
shape of the orbits of extrasolar planet？
planet’s formation in close proximity to other
B the gravitational
influence of planets whose original orbits have been
C the gravitational
influence of comets
11 consider each of the
choices separately and select all that apply
The passage suggests that
two planets formed in close orbits that engaged in
‘slingshot
activity’
would be likely to
A deflect away from each
B change the shape of each
other’s orbit
C affect the orbits of any
neighboring planets
12 Once White stepped down
from a political platform, where his daring,______&&&&&&&
speeches provoked baying applause from audiences, he was courteous
and considerate even to politicians he had just slandered in the
B defamatory
C calumnious
D inveigling
E timorous
F diffident
13 clearly the government
faced a dilemma: it could hardly_____trials, especially in the
absence of irrefutable evidence, but it also would not welcome, in
the midst of war, the scandal that would arise if trials were
A be keen on
B be inclined to
D dispense with
E turn its back
14 the hodgepodge nature of
local and federal law enforcement and the changing but often still
inadequate regulations governing the credit industry make identity
theft a particularly&&&&
________crime.
A unobjectionable
D innocuous
E uncontrollable
F intractable
15& Economic competition
among nations may lead to new forms of economic protectionism that
hearken back to the mercantilism of an earlier age: there are signs
today that such protectionism is indeed_______ .
A evanescent
B resurgent
C recrudescent
D transitory
E controversial
F inimical
( 16-17题基于以下文章阅读)
According to the
conventional view, serfdom in nineteenth-century Russia inhibited
economic growth. In this view Russian peasants’status as serfs kept them poor through burdensome
taxes in cash, in labor, through restrictions on
mobility, and through various forms of coercion. Melton, however,
argues that serfdom was perfectly compatible with economic growth,
because many Russian serfs were able to get around
landlord’rules and regulations. If serfs could pay for
passports, they were usually granted permission to leave the
estate. If they could pay the fine, they could establish a
and if they had the resources, they could hire
laborers to cultivate the communal lands, while they themselves
engaged in trade or worked as migrant laborers in
16 consider each of the
choices separately and select all that apply
It can be inferred from the
passage that the
“rules and
regulations”
affecting serfdom in
A responsibility for the
work needed to accomplish certain defined tasks
B restrictions on freedom of
C limitations on the ability
to set up an independent household.
17 consider each of the
choices separately and select all that apply
The highlighted sentence has
which of the following functions in the passage?
A it provides support for an
argument presented in the preceding sentence
B it provides evidence that
helps undermine a view introduced in the first sentence
C it raises a question that
the succeeding sentence will resolve.
18（逻辑题）The dusky salamander lives only in slow-moving
streams where organic debris settles and accumulates. In almost all
places in New York State where dusky salamanders used to live,
suburban development has cleared uplands and put down asphalt. As a
result, rainwater now runs directly into streams, causing increased
flow that slows the accumulation of organic sediments. Therefore,
it is probably the increased flow caused by suburban development
that is responsible for the dusky salamander’s virtual disappearance from New York
Which if the following, if
true, most strongly supports the argument?
A Since 1980 the suburban
population of New York State has grown ten times faster than urban
population.
B Dusky salamanders have
disappeared in the past ten years from some suburban areas of New
York State that were originally developed more than a century ago
and that have not experienced significant development for
C The two-line salamander, a
species that lives in both slow and swift moving waters, continues
to thrive in streams in New York State from which dusky salamanders
have disappeared.
D Suburban development in
New York State contributes significantly to pollution of local
streams with lawn fertilizers that are poisonous to most small
aquatic animals.
E Much of the suburban
development in New York State has been occurring in areas that
never provided prime habitat for dusky salamanders.
（19-20题基于以下文章阅读）
While the influence of
British magazines in shaping public opinion predates the nineteenth
century, it was during the 1800s that mass distribution became
possible and an explosion in periodical readership occurred, vastly
increasing magazine’s opinion-shaping powers. The role of magazines as
arbiters of nineteenth-century taste is seen in their depictions of
the London theater. The magazines accorded some legitimacy to East
End working-class theaters that mirrored the format of the
fashionable West End theaters serving middle-and upper-class
audiences. However, the magazines also depicted music halls—which
competed for patronage with all theaters—as places where crass
entertainment corrupted spectators’s taste and morals. Finally, they suggested that
popular demand for substandard fare created a market unfriendly to
higher expressions of dramatic art.
19 the author of the passage
attributes the influence of British periodicals in shaping public
opinion in the nineteenth century in part to
A a growing public interest
in reading opinion pieces
B an increase in the
relative number of readers from the middle and upper
C changes in the way in
which magazines were distributed
magazines’s increased coverage of theater and popular
entertainment
E changes in magazine format
that attracted a wider readership
20 the author of the passage
“East End working-class
theaters”
primarily in order
A illustrate a point about
the ability of magazines to sway public opinion
B contrast the kinds of
entertainment presented in East End and West End
C make a point about how
spectators’s tastes influenced the offerings at different
kind of theaters
D explain how magazine chose
which kinds of entertainment to cover.
E identify factors that
helped make certain theaters fashionable
1 B 2AE 3 BD& 4 BEG& 5 CFI 6
B&&14 EF &
15 BC &16 ABC &17 AB &18 C &19 C &20&D&&
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