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Gu?rún has found 's horse
and has understood that Sigurd is dead. Illustration on a
stamp by .
Gu?rúnarkvi?a II, The Second Lay of , or Gu?rúnarkvi?a hin forna, The Old Lay of Gudrún is probably the oldest poem of the Sigurd cycle, according to .
The poem was composed before the year 1000 and Bellows considered it to be in a "rather bad shape", but it was in that shape that it provided material for the , where it was faithfully paraphrased. He states, however, that it is the only
from an earlier period than the year 1000 in the Sigurd tradition that has come down to modern times in a roughly complete form. The other older poems, ,
and , are collections of fragments and only the last part of
remains. The remaining poems in the cycle are generally dated to the 11th century and the 12th century.
Bellows states that another reason for assuming that the poem derives from a
originating in Germany is the fact that Sigurd's death takes place in the forest, as in the , and not in his bed. Other elements relating closely to the German tradition are her mother and her brother insisting that she marry Atli, the slaying of the
and her future revenge on Atli.
was staying at the court of , and ?jó?rekr had just lost most of his warriors in battle.
?jó?rekr and Atli's queen
were alone together and discussed their sorrows. Gu?rún told ?jó?rekr that she was a young maiden when her father
gave her away to
of gold. Then her brothers murdered her hero Sigurd:
4. Grani rann at ?ingi,
- gn?r var at heyra, -
en ?á Sigur?r
?ll váru s??uld?r
sveita stokkin
ok of vani? vási
und veg?ndum.
4. From the
with thundering feet,
But thence did Sigurth
Covered with sweat
was the saddle-bearer,
Wont the warrior's
weight to bear.
Gu?rún held the rein of the horse and began to cry, as she understood what had happened:
5. Gekk ek grátandi
vi? Grana rae?a,
úrughl?ra
hnipna?i Grani ?á,
drap í gras h?f?i,
jór ?at vissi,
eigendr né lif?u-t.
5. Weeping I sought
with Grani to speak,
With tear-wet cheeks
for the tale I
The head of Grani
was bowed to the grass,
The steed knew well
his master was slain.
When she met her brothers,
was bowing his head, but
told her the news that Sigurd had been slain, but that he had taken their brother
with him. He further told her that she could find Sigurd on the southern road where she would hear the cry of ravens and howling wolves. Gu?rún went into the forest to search for what was left by the wolves and found Sigurd.
When she found Sigurd, Gu?rún did not cry, wail or wring her hands, although she was so sad that she did not want to live anymore. She left the mountains and travelled for five days, until she saw the
of Halfr, in Denmark, where she stayed for three and a half years with Thora, the daughter of Hakon.
Thora and Gu?rún enjoyed themselves by weaving tapestries of southern halls, Danish swans and warriors:
16. Skip Sigmundar
skri?u frá landi,
gylltar grímur,
byr?u vit á bor?a,
?at er ?eir b?r?usk
Sigarr ok Siggeirr
su?r á Fjóni.
16. 's ship
by the land was sailing,
Golden the figure-head,
On board we wove
the warriors faring,
south to .
Her mother
asked her sons Gunnarr and H?gni what kind of
they would like to give their sister for the killing of her husband Sigurd and her son Sigmund, and they were both ready to compensate their sister. Gu?rún met her mother, brothers and , the king of Denmark, and three men named Jarizleif, Eymoth and Jarizskar.
They wanted to give her gifts to console her but she did not trust them. Then, her mother gave her a something to drink, a
of forgetfulness:
Faer?i mér Grímhildr
full at drekka
svalt ok sárligt,
né ek sakar mun?
?at var of aukit
jar?ar magni,
svalk?ldum sae
ok sónum dreyra.
Váru í horni
hvers kyns stafir
ristnir ok ro?nir,
- rá?a ek né máttak, -
lyngfiskr langr,
lands Haddingja
ax óskorit,
innlei? dyra.
22. A draught did Grimhild
give me to drink,
For mingled therein
was magic earth,
Ice-cold sea,
and the blood of swine.
23. In the cup were runes
of every kind,
Written and reddened,
from the ' land,
An ear uncut,
and the entrails of beasts.
The poem relates that Gu?rún forgot and the three kings kneeled before her and Grimhildr began to speak. Her mother told her that she gave her all her father's wealth, and that she would also have 's wealth because she was to become Atli's wife.
Húnskar meyjar,
?aer er hla?a spj?ldum
ok gera gull fagrt,
svá at ?ér gaman ?
ein skaltu rá?a
au?i Bu?la,
gulli g?fgu?
ok gefin Atla.
27. Hunnish women,
skilled in weaving,
Who gold make fair
to give thee joy,
And the wealth of Buthli
thine shall be,
Gold-decked one,
as Atli's wife.
Gu?rún answered that she did not wish to marry Atli, but her mother responded that with Atli she would be as happy as if both Sigurd and her son Sigmund were still alive. Furthermore, if she did not marry Atli, she would live without husband for the rest of her life. Gu?rún responded that her mother should not be so eager to giver her away to the Huns, and she prophesied that Atli would kill Gunnarr and tear out the heart of H?gni. Grímhildr began to weep when she heard the prophecy and told Gu?rún that she was forced to give her away to Atli.
Gu?rún then continued her lament by telling that she married Atli for her kinsmen's sake. She was never happy with Atli and she lost her sons when her brothers died, and she would kill Atli.
She travelled to Atli first a week through cold lands, then a week on water and lastly a week through land that lacked water. They arrived to high walls and guardians opened the gates.
Bellows comments that there appears to be a large lacuna following her arrival to Atli. He adds that the ending of the lament appears to have been replaced another poem, because it deals with how Atli told Gu?rún that he had had foreboding dreams of being killed by her. The description of the dream begins with this stanza:
Svá mik n?liga
nornir vekja", -
vílsinnis spá
vildi, at ek ré?a, -
"hug?a ek ?ik, Gu?rún
Gjúka dóttir,
laebl?ndnum hj?r
leggja mik í g?gnum.
39. Now from sleep
have waked me
With visions of terror,--
To thee will I
Methought thou, Guthrun,
Gjuki's daughter,
With poisoned blade
didst pierce my body.
Without understanding the meaning of the dream, Atli describes his future eating of his own sons, served to him by their own mother Gu?rún, in revenge for Atli's killing her brothers.
Hug?a ek mér af hendi
hauka fljúga
brá?alausa
hj?rtu hug?a ek ?eira
vi? hunang tuggin,
sorgmó?s sefa,
sollin bló?i.
Hug?a ek mér af hendi
hvelpa losna,
glaums andvana,
gylli bá?
hold hug?a ek ?eira
at hraeum or?it,
nau?igr nái
n?ta ek skyldak.
42. I dreamed my hawks
from my hand had flown,
Eager for food,
I dreamed their hearts
with honey I ate,
Soaked in blood,
and heavy my sorrow.
43. Hounds I dreamed
from my hand I loosed,
Loud in hunger
Their flesh methought
was eagles' food,
And their bodies now
I needs must eat.
There the poem ends in a few cryptic lines where Gu?rún says that people will talk of a .
Bellows comments that ?jó?rekr is the famous , the king of the
who would become famous in German legends as Dietrich von Bern. In German heroic legends, it was early accepted to bring together Attila (Etzel, Atli), who died in 453 with Theodoric who was born c. 455, and in addition make them the contemporaries with
who died c. 376. In German legends, Ermanaric took the place of Theodoric's actual enemy . It is in battle with Ermanaric/Odovakar that ?jó?rekr has lost most of his men in this poem.
Compare with , where Gu?rún is accused of having been unfaithful with ?jó?rekr during this meeting.
In the end section of , the annotator is troubled by the existence of two versions of Sigurd's death and refers to the authority of "German men" for the version that Sigurd was murdered in the forest. The alternative version in which Sigurd is murdered in his bed appears in , ,
and in the . In the V?lsunga saga, his brother-in-law
tried to kill him twice. The first time, he failed because he was terrified by the brightness of Sigurd's eyes, and so he had to wait until Sigurd had fallen asleep. The correctness of the annotator in referring to Germans for the version that Sigurd was killed in the forest is shown by the
Bellows notes that this shows that the mortally wounded Sigurd killed his murderer Guthormr in both versions of his death.
Bellows renders Halfr as Hoalf and refers to a theory that Hoalf is identical to ?lfr, the son of Hjalprekr, and the second husband of Sigurd's mother Hj?rdis. A Thora appears in , as the wife of Dagr, one of the sons of
and the mother of an ?lfr (this Halfr?).
Funen is the name of the island in the . Bellows notes that in the , it is the Scottish island
that is named.
Grimhild is called the queen of the Goths. Similarly, her son Gunnar is called lord of the Goths in . Bellows notes that Goth could be used to refer to any south Germanic people.
Bellows comments here that
threatens to declare war on the Burgundians, if they don't give him Gu?rún as wife.
Bellows comments that the names Jarizleif, Eymoth and Jarizskar, two of which are apparently Slavic, appear to be added as the names of Atli's messengers. They are described by the poem either as "long-beards" or , but their names fit neither Huns nor Lombards. According to Bellows, the
and some commentators interpret this meeting as taking place in Denmark, but Bellows finds it more likely that a line had dropped out and that she met the messengers at her brothers' place.
In one version of the story, she also gave this potion to Sigurd. Bellows comments that the potion does not seem to have worked.
Bellows comments that the three kings are probably Atli's messengers, but that they may also be Gunnar, H?gni and the unnamed brother who seems to appear in .
This refers to Gu?rún's revenge as told in
when she avenged her brothers' death by killing her and Atli's sons Erpr and Eitil.
Bellows comments that various unsuccessful efforts have been made to trace this journey from Worms, in Germany, and down the Danube.
, ' translation and commentary
, 's translation
, translated by
and Eirikr Magnusson
's edition of the manuscript text
, 's edition with normalized spelling
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