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级别:普通会员216被浏览216,887分享邀请回答97249 条评论分享收藏感谢收起zhihu.com/question/20493469446 条评论分享收藏感谢收起From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Napster is the name given to three music-focused online services. It was founded as a pioneering
service that emphasized sharing
files, typically audio songs, encoded in
format. The company ran into legal difficulties over . It ceased operations and was eventually acquired by . In its second incarnation, Napster became an
until it was acquired by
on December 1, 2011.
Later companies and projects successfully followed its P2P file sharing example such as , , , , and many others. However, some services, like , , , , and , were brought down or changed due to copyright issues.
Napster was founded by
and . Initially, Napster was envisioned as an independent
service by Shawn Fanning. The service operated between June 1999 and July 2001. Its technology allowed people to easily share their
files with other participants. Although the original service was shut down by court order, the Napster brand survived after the company's assets were liquidated and purchased by other companies through bankruptcy proceedings.
Although there were already networks that facilitated the distribution of files across the Internet, such as , , and , Napster specialized in MP3 files of music and a user-friendly interface. At its peak the Napster service had about 80 million registered users. Napster made it relatively easy for music enthusiasts to download copies of songs that were otherwise difficult to obtain, such as older songs, unreleased recordings, and songs from concert .
High-speed networks in college dormitories became overloaded, with as much as 61% of external network traffic consisting of MP3 file transfers. Many colleges blocked its use for this reason, even before concerns about liability for facilitating copyright violations on campus.
Napster running under Mac OS 9 in March 2001.
The service and software program began as -only. However, in 2000, Black Hole Media wrote a Macintosh client called Macster. Macster was later bought by Napster and designated the official Mac Napster client ("Napster for the Mac"), at which point the Macster name was discontinued. Even before the acquisition of Macster, the Macintosh community had a variety of independently-developed Napster clients. The most notable was the
client called MacStar, released by Squirrel Software in early 2000 and Rapster, released by Overcaster Family in Brazil. The release of MacStar's source code paved the way for third-party Napster clients across all computing platforms, giving users advertisement-free music distribution options.
Heavy metal band
discovered a demo of their song "" had been circulating across the network before it was released. This led to it being played on several radio stations across the United States and alerted Metallica to the fact that their entire back catalogue of studio material was also available. On March 13, 2000, they filed a . A month later, rapper and producer , who shared a litigator and legal firm with Metallica, filed a similar lawsuit after Napster refused his written request to remove his works from its service. Separately, Metallica and Dr. Dre later delivered to Napster thousands of usernames of people who they believed were pirating their songs. In March 2001, Napster settled both suits, after being shut down by the
in a separate lawsuit from several major record labels (see below). In 2000, 's
"" was leaked out onto the web and Napster prior to its commercial release, causing widespread media coverage. Verified Napster use peaked with 26.4 million users worldwide in February 2001.
In 2000, the American musical recording company
along with several other recording companies, through the
(RIAA), sued Napster () on grounds of contributory and vicarious copyright infringement under the US
(DMCA). Napster was faced with the following allegations from the music industry:
That its users were directly violating the plaintiffs' copyrights.
That Napster was responsible for contributory infringement of the plaintiffs' copyrights.
That Napster was responsible for vicarious infringement of the plaintiffs' copyrights.
Napster lost the case in the District Court but then appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Although it was clear that Napster could have commercially significant non-infringing uses, the Ninth Circuit upheld the District Court's decision. Immediately after, the District Court commanded Napster to keep track of the activities of its network and to restrict access to infringing material when informed of that material's location. Napster wasn't able to comply and thus had to close down its service in July 2001. In 2002, Napster announced that it was bankrupt and sold its assets to a third party.
Napster peaked in February 2001.
Along with the accusations that Napster was hurting the sales of the record industry, there were those who felt just the opposite, that file trading on Napster stimulated, rather than hurt, sales. Some evidence may have come in July 2000 when tracks from
rock band 's album
found their way to Napster three months before the album's release. Unlike Madonna, Dr. Dre or Metallica, Radiohead had never hit the top 20 in the US. Furthermore, Kid A was an album without any
released, and received relatively little radio . By the time of the album's release, the album was estimated to have been downloaded for free by millions of people worldwide, and in October 2000 Kid A captured the number one spot on the
sales chart in its debut week. According to
of , the effect of Napster in this instance was isolated from other elements that could be credited for driving sales, and the album's unexpected success suggested that Napster was a good promotional tool for music.
Since 2000, many musical artists, particularly those not signed to major labels and without access to traditional mass media outlets such as radio and television, have said that Napster and successive Internet file-sharing networks have helped get their music heard, spread word of mouth, and may have improved their sales in the long term[]. One such musician to publicly defend Napster as a promotional tool for independent artists was , who became directly involved in the 2000 A&M Records Lawsuit.
also came out and publicly supported Napster.
Napster's facilitation of transfer of copyrighted material raised the ire of the
(RIAA), which almost immediately—on December 7, 1999—filed a
against the popular service. The service would only get bigger as the trial, meant to shut down Napster, also gave it . Soon millions of users, many of whom were college students, flocked to it. After a failed appeal to the , an injunction was issued on March 5, 2001 ordering Napster to prevent the trading of copyrighted music on its network.
claimed, however, that this decision made little sense from the perspective of copyright protection: "When Napster told the district court that it had developed a technology to block the transfer of 99.4 percent of identified infringing material, the district court told counsel for Napster 99.4 percent was not good enough. Napster had to push the infringements 'down to zero.' If 99.4 percent is not good enough," Lessig concluded, "then this is a war on file-sharing technologies, not a war on copyright infringement."
In July 2001, Napster shut down its entire network in order to comply with the injunction. On September 24, 2001, the case was partially settled. Napster agreed to pay music creators and copyright owners a $26 million settlement for past, unauthorized uses of music, and as an advance against future licensing royalties of $10 million. In order to pay those fees Napster attempted to convert its free service into a subscription system, and thus traffic to Napster was reduced. A prototype solution was tested in 2002: the Napster 3.0 Alpha, using the ".nap" secure file format from
and audio fingerprinting technology licensed from . Napster 3.0 was, according to many former Napster employees, ready to deploy, but it had significant trouble obtaining licenses to distribute major-label music. On May 17, 2002, Napster announced that its assets would be acquired by German media firm
for $85 million with the goal of transforming Napster into an online music subscription service. The two companies had been collaborating since the middle of 2000 where Bertelsmann became the first major label to drop its copyright lawsuit against Napster. Pursuant to the terms of the acquisition agreement, on June 3 Napster filed for
protection under
laws. On September 3, 2002, an American bankruptcy judge blocked the sale to Bertelsmann and forced Napster to liquidate its assets.
Napster's brand and logos were acquired at bankruptcy auction by
which used them to re-brand the
music service as . In September 2008, Napster was purchased by US electronics retailer
for US $121 million. On December 1, 2011, pursuant to a deal with Best Buy, Napster merged with , with Best Buy receiving a minority stake in Rhapsody. On July 14, 2016, Rhapsody phased out the Rhapsody brand in favor of Napster and has since branded its service internationally as Napster.
Napster is expanding to other markets by providing music on-demand as a service to other brands. The most notable of these is the
app and their All Access music subscription service that provides subscribers with an on-demand music experience as well as premium radio.
There have been several books that document the experiences of people working at Napster, including:
Joseph Menn's Napster biography
All the Rave: The Rise and Fall of Shawn Fanning's Napster
John Alderman's "Sonic Boom: Napster, MP3, and the New Pioneers of Music"
Steve Knopper's "Appetite for Self Destruction: The Spectacular Crash of the Record Industry in the Digital Age."
The 2003 film
features Napster co-founder
as a cameo of himself. This gave credence to one of the characters fictional back-story as the original "Napster".
The 2010 film
features Napster co-founder
(played by ) in the rise of the popular website .
The 2013 film
is a documentary about sharing media on the Internet and includes the history of Napster.
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