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烟草培训手.doc 15页
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实战是我们最大的特点；实效是我们最高的追求；实力是我们最佳的保障！
仝博咨询2011年
烟草行业培训手册
&&&认识仝博
仝博咨询是专业人力资源管理咨询公司，立足国际视野，结合本土实际，以专业精神、务实态度为烟草企业提供深度的人力资源管理咨询和人力资源管理培训服务，冀望用我们深具专业高度和实战务实的努力，帮助每一个我们所服务的企业提升人与组织的绩效。
在此过程中，作为一个能不断自我学习与创新的团队，我们迅速提升完全自主的研发能力，近年来结合烟草行业“卷烟上水平”战略策略、用工分配制度改革等发展趋势而研发的“CTC管理模式”、“OTE素质提升模式”等人力资源管理新模式，已深入影响企业人力资源管理思维，并引领着企业人力资源管理实践。
仝博成就&&&
■ 客户彰显专业服务
截至2010年，我们已为福建中烟龙岩烟草工业有限责任公司、陕西中烟延安卷烟厂、江西中烟南昌卷烟厂、兴国卷烟厂，湖北中烟恩施卷烟厂，中烟实业下属八家工业企业，云南烟草、楚雄烟草公司，湖南烟草郴州烟草公司，陕西烟草延安烟草公司、榆林烟草公司，甘肃烟草甘南烟草公司，山西烟草太原公司，安徽烟草安庆公司，三明金叶复烤，龙岩金叶复烤，郴州天泰复烤等100多家烟草工商企业提供人力资源管理咨询服务；为国家烟草郑州培训中心、川渝中烟、湖北中烟、湖南中烟、云南中烟、江西中烟、河北中烟、广东中烟、山东中烟、陕西中烟、安徽烟草、辽宁烟草、内蒙烟草、贵州烟草、西藏烟草、上海烟草等500多家烟草工商企业提供人力资源管理培训服务。
■ 研发见证专业素养
截止2010年，我们已编写《烟草企业人力资源管理核心机制构建》等20本人力资源管理专业书籍，发表180余篇专业论文，研发8大人力资源管理专业模型。
■ 口碑印证专业实力
“2006中国杰出人力资源管理专家”、“2007中国质量-服务双十佳信誉示范单位”、“2008中国企业管理创新十佳案例”、“2009中国企业管理创新优秀奖”、“2010中国最受欢迎咨询公司”等奖项……78%的咨询服务二次订单率，92%的培训服务二次订单率……
荣誉是最好的激励，口碑是最好的名片。
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为什么选择仝博
实战是我们最大的特点；实效是我们最高的追求；实力是我们最佳的保障！
&&&培训规划
（一） 公开培训
公开培训结构图
时间 类别 课程编号 课程题目 行业 开班地点
三月 论坛+培训 TPT001 如何运用OTE法，打造精英团队 烟草/电力 厦门
培训 TPT002 全员绩效管理五步法 电力 厦门
五月 培训 TPT002 全员绩效管理五步法 电力 杭州
培训 TPT003 烟叶基层三支队伍建设 烟草商业 杭州
培训 TPT004 人力资源规划与绩效管理深化 烟草/电力 杭州
时间 类别 课程编号 课程题目 行业 开班地点
六月 培训 TPT005 基于胜任素质的卓越培训发展体系构建 烟草/电力 桂林
八月 培训 TPT002 全员绩效管理五步法 电力 青岛
培训 TPT006 胜任素质模型构建六步法 烟草 青岛
九月 培训 TPT007 如何运用绩效循环，提升团队执行力 烟草/电力 大连
十月 培训 TPT008 国有企业如何进行校园招聘 烟草/电力 厦门
十一月 培训 TPT009 基于胜任素质的卓越培训发展体系构建 烟草/电力 厦门
十二月 培训 TPT010 人力资源管理诊断与效能监察 烟草/电力 厦门
（二）企业内训规划
企业内训规划结构图
1、卷烟上水平
（1）基础管理上水平
类别 编号 课题
思维能力 TPSW01 思维导图训练
TPSW02 六顶思考帽
TPSW03 金字塔原理
TPSW04 问题分析与解决
教练能力 TPJL01 从管理到教练-----做一名优秀的企业管理者
TPJL02 部属培育与绩效辅导
沟通能力 TPGT01 打破部门门墙------跨部门沟通与协调
TPGT02 高效管理沟通
团队管理能力 TPTD01 团队激励艺术
TPTD02 高效能团队建设与管理
基础管理技能 TPJC01 MTP管理才能发展训练
TPJC02 从技术走向管理
TPJC03 目标与计划管理
TPJC04 心理学在管理中的应用
TPJC05 太极管理创新领导策略
TPJC06 流程创新与岗位创标
TPJC07 国学思想与领导管理艺术
TPJC08 用脑做事，用心管人
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烟草叶围细菌的分离及其对Alternaria+alternata的拮抗作用.pdf 5页
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烟草叶围细菌的分离及其对Alternaria+alternata的拮抗作用.pdf
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烟草叶围细菌的分离及其对
Alternaria
alternata的拮抗作用
张成省1，孔凡玉”，李多川!，王静1，王凤龙1
(1中国农业科学院烟草研究所，青岛，266101；!山东农业大学，泰安，271018)
强拮抗活性的9个菌株。离体叶片生防测定实验表明，9株细菌均能不同程度的减轻烟草赤星病
的发生。其中菌株Tpb88具有较强和稳定的拮抗作用，无菌滤液实验表明，叶围细菌Tpb88在一
定浓度范围内能有效抑制彳．alternata菌丝生长、孢子萌发和芽管伸长，且浓度越高，抑制能力越
强。本研究结果表明Tpb88对烟草赤星病菌的拮抗机制可能为抗菌物质的产生。
关键词：生物防治
Alternariaalternata
烟草赤星病，病原物为Alternariaalternata，是烟叶成熟后期重要的叶部病害，在我国各
烟区均有发生，直接影响烟叶的产量和质量。长期以来，主要以利用抗病品种和化学防治为主。
但是理想的抗病品种很难获得，并容易丧失抗性。化学防治在病害防治中起到重要作用，但又
受到三个因素的限制：目前高效低毒的杀菌剂农药品种较少；环境条件对防治效果影响很大，
在环境条件适宜病原菌侵入和传播时，防治效果不令人满意；容易造成环境污染。生物防治对
环境友好，在某些情况下具有良好的防治效果，并成为目前研究和开发的热点【l
叶围微生物(phyllospheremicrobe)指的是附生或寄生于植物叶部周围的微生物。植物叶围
分布着大量微生物细菌，它们与植物病原菌具有相同的生态位，在植物一微生物复杂的微生态关
系中发挥着重要作用¨1。其中有一些微生物可以通过拮抗、竞争、促生以及诱导植物抗性(HR)
等作用来抑制植物病害的发生发展p’引，具有潜在的开发和利用价值。作者从烟草叶围分离出对
烟草赤星病菌具有显著拮抗作用的两株拮抗细菌，并选择一株优良菌株Tpb88进行拮抗实验，
以明确其拮抗力及拮抗机理，为大田应用提供实验依据。
1材料与方法
1．1供试材料
供试菌株为烟草叶围分离微生物Tpb1～136，测试病原菌为强致病力烟草赤星病菌A．
alternata，由田间分离获得。供试烟草品种为云烟85。
1．2叶围细菌的分离和纯化
将采集的烟草叶片用清水洗净并剪成2～3
cm的小段，用无菌水漂洗3次后，置于600mL
烧杯中，加入400mL无菌水和0．5
mL吐温·80，在摇床上振荡10min(1r／min，254-1℃)。取冲
试菌株，并用Tpb编号。通过这种方法共得到136个菌株，臣[JTpbl～136。
1．3拮抗活性测定
菌的抑菌带宽度和病原菌的长、宽度。该试验重复2次，每次设3个重复。
1．4稳定性测定
将拮抗性好的菌株转移5代以上，继续观察其抑菌作用，测抑菌带宽度。
1．5离体叶片的防效测定筛选
参照FrabvelR【6】方法进行。盛防烟叶的托盘用70％酒精消毒并用无菌水冲洗，将对峙培
星病菌孢子液混合，吸取251al混合液悬滴接种于经表面消毒的烟草云烟85离体叶片上。每分离
物接种3片叶，每叶12滴，以PD培养基与等体积赤星病菌混合液接种的叶片作对照，26&C保湿
培养。7d后统计病睛，计算病指及防效。
1．6细菌无菌滤液和赤星病菌孢子悬浮液的制备
Tpb88转至PDA培养基上，在26&C下培养24h，然后在含100PD培养基的250ml的
液在4℃下保存备用。
取培养7—10d(26&C)fl勺烟草赤星病菌配成悬浮液，1，500g离心3min去除菌丝，取上清，
将孢子浓度调为2，000s／mL，立即与等体积无菌滤液混合，孢子终浓度为1，000s／mL。
1．7菌株Tpb88无菌滤液对赤星病菌生长的影响
1．7．1对赤星病孢子萌发的
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3秒自动关闭窗口From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A historic kiln in , Australia
tobacco leaves drying in the sun at
village in
Tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by
them. The plant is part of the genus
and of the
(nightshade) family. While
of tobacco are known, the chief commercial crop is . The more potent variant
is also used around the world.
Tobacco contains the
, which is a , and . Dried tobacco leaves are mainly used for
in , , , and flavored . They can also be consumed as , ,
Tobacco use is a risk factor for many diseases, especially those affecting the , , and , as well as . In 2008, the
named tobacco as the world's single greatest preventable cause of death.
The English word "tobacco" originates from the Spanish and Portuguese word "tabaco". The precise origin of this word is disputed, but it is generally thought to have derived at least in part, from , the
language of the . In Taino, it was said to mean either a roll of tobacco leaves (according to , 1552) or to tabago, a kind of Y-shaped pipe used for sniffing tobacco smoke (according to O with the leaves themselves being referred to as cohiba).
However, perhaps coincidentally, similar words in Spanish, Portuguese and Italian were used from 1410 to define medicinal
believed to have originated from the Arabic ?????? ?ubbāq (also ????? ?ubāq), a word reportedly dating to the 9th century, as a name for various herbs.
(American, ), Still Life with Three Castles Tobacco, 1880,
The earliest depiction of a European man smoking, from Tabacco by , 1595
A man smoking Tabacco on Hukka in ,
Tobacco has long been used in the Americas, with some cultivation sites in Mexico dating back to
BC. Many Native American tribes have traditionally grown and used tobacco. Eastern North American tribes historically carried tobacco in pouches as a readily accepted trade item, as well as smoking it, both socially and , such as to seal a peace treaty or trade agreement. In some populations, tobacco is seen as a gift from the , with the ceremonial tobacco smoke carrying one's thoughts and prayers to the Creator.
An illustration from 's Tobacco, its History and Association, 1859
Tobacco plant and tobacco leaf from the
in Sumatra, 1905
Following the arrival of the Europeans to the Americas, tobacco became increasingly popular as a trade item. , Spanish chronicler of the Indies, was the first European to bring tobacco seeds to the
in 1559 following orders of King . These seeds were planted in the outskirts of , more specifically in an area known as "Los Cigarrales" named after the continuous plagues of cicadas (cigarras in Spanish). Before the development of the lighter Virginia and white burley strains of tobacco, the smoke was too harsh to be inhaled. Small quantities were smoked at a time, using a pipe like the
or smoking newly invented waterpipes such as the
for a modern continuance of this practice). Tobacco became so popular that the English colony of Jamestown used it as currency and began exporti tobacco is often credited as being the export that saved Virginia from ruin.
The alleged benefits of tobacco also account for its considerable success. The astronomer , who accompanied
on his 1585 expedition to , explains that the plant "openeth all the pores and passages of the body" so that the natives’ "bodies are notably preserved in health, and know not many grievous diseases, wherewithall we in England are often times afflicted."
Tobacco smoking, chewing, and snuffing became a major industry in Europe and its colonies by 1700.
Tobacco has been a major
in Cuba and in other parts of the Caribbean since the 18th century. Cuban cigars are world-famous.
In the late 19th century, cigarettes became popular.
created a machine that automated cigarette production. This increase in production allowed tremendous growth in the
until the health revelations of the late-20th century.
Following the scientific revelations of the mid-20th century, tobacco became condemned as a health hazard, and eventually became encompassed as a cause for cancer, as well as other respiratory and circulatory diseases. In the United States, this led to the , which settled the lawsuit in exchange for a combination of yearly payments to the states and voluntary restrictions on advertising and marketing of tobacco products.
In the 1970s,
cross-bred a strain of tobacco to produce . This strain of tobacco contained an unusually high amount of nicotine, nearly doubling its content from 3.2-3.5% to 6.5%. In the 1990s, this prompted the
to use this strain as evidence that
were intentionally manipulating the nicotine content of .[]
In 2003, in response to growth of tobacco use in developing countries, the World Health Organization successfully rallied 168 countries to sign the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The convention is designed to push for effective legislation and its enforcement in all countries to reduce the harmful effects of tobacco. This led to the development of tobacco cessation products.
This section needs additional citations for . Please help
by . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) ()
is the compound responsible for the addictive nature of tobacco use.
Tobacco () flower, leaves, and buds
Many species of tobacco are in the genus of herbs Nicotiana. It is part of the nightshade
() indigenous to
and , , south west , and the .
Most nightshades contain varying amounts of , a powerful
to . However, tobaccos tend to contain a much higher concentration of nicotine than the others. Unlike many other Solanaceae species, they do not contain , which are often poisonous to humans and other animals.
Despite containing enough nicotine and other compounds such as
alkaloids (varying between species) to deter most , a number of such animals have
the ability to feed on Nicotiana species without being harmed. Nonetheless, tobacco is unpalatable to many species due to its other attributes. For example, although the
is a generalist pest, tobacco's gummosis and trichomes can harm early larvae survival. As a result, some tobacco plants (chiefly N. glauca) have become established as
in some places.
The types of tobacco include:
is cured by smoke from open fires. In the United States, it is grown in northern middle Tennessee, central Kentucky, and . Fire-cured tobacco grown in
is used in some chewing tobaccos, moist snuff, some cigarettes, and as a condiment in pipe tobacco blends. Another fire-cured tobacco is , which is produced from oriental varieties of N. tabacum. The leaves are cured and smoked over smoldering fires of local hardwoods and aromatic shrubs in
is commonly known as "Virginia tobacco", often regardless of the state where it is planted. Prior to the , most tobacco grown in the US was fire-cured dark-leaf. Sometime after the , demand for a milder, lighter, more aromatic tobacco arose. ,
all innovated with milder varieties of the tobacco plant. Farmers discovered that Bright leaf tobacco needs thin, starved soil, and those who could not grow other crops found that they could grow tobacco. Confederate soldiers traded it with each other and Union soldiers, and developed quite a taste for it. At the end of the war, the soldiers went home and a national market had developed for the local crop.
is an air-cured tobacco used primarily for
production. In the U.S., burley tobacco plants are started from pelletized seeds placed in polystyrene trays floated on a bed of fertilized water in March or April.
is more a process of curing and a method of cutting tobacco than a type. The processing and the cut are used to bring out the natural sweet taste in the tobacco. Cavendish can be produced from any tobacco type, but is usually one of, or a blend of Kentucky, Virginia, and burley, and is most commonly used for pipe tobacco and cigars.
is primarily used in the making of . It was, by most accounts, one of the original
tobaccos that emerged around the time of .
is a tobacco originally grown in , mixed with leaves, bark, and herbs for smoking in a .
is a sun-cured, highly aromatic, small-leafed variety () grown in , , , and . Originally grown in regions historically part of the , it is also known as "oriental". Many of the early brands of cigarettes were made mostly or entirely of T today, its main use is in blends of pipe and especially cigarette tobacco (a typical American cigarette is a blend of bright Virginia, burley, and Turkish).
was developed in 1824 through the technique of pressure-fermentation of local tobacco by a farmer, Pierre Chenet. Considered the
tobaccos, it is used as a component in many blended pipe tobaccos, but is too strong to be smoked pure. At one time, the freshly moist Perique was also chewed, but none is now sold for this purpose. It is typically blended with pure Virginia to lend spice, strength, and coolness to the blend.
is cultivated in
and . Early Connecticut
acquired from the Native Americans the habit of smoking tobacco in pipes, and began cultivating the plant commercially, though the
referred to it as the "evil weed". The
industry has weathered some major , including a devastating
in 1929, and an epidemic of brown spot fungus in 2000, but is now in danger of disappearing altogether, given the increase in the value of land.
air-cured leaf was found to be more mild than other types of tobacco. In 1865, George Webb of
planted red
seeds he had purchased, and found a few of the seedlings had a whitish, sickly look, which became white burley.
is native to the southwestern United States, , and parts of . Its botanical name is Nicotiana rustica.
is a strain of tobacco
in the 1970s to obtain an unusually high
content. In the 1990s, the United States
used it as evidence that
were intentionally manipulating the nicotine content of .
This article needs additional citations for . Please help
by . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008) ()
Tobacco plants growing in a field in , .
Tobacco is cultivated similarly to other agricultural products.
were at first quickly scattered onto the soil. However, young plants came under increasing attack from
(Epitrix cucumeris or E. pubescens), which caused destruction of half the tobacco crops in United States in 1876. By 1890, successful experiments were conducted that placed the plant in a frame covered by thin cotton fabric. Today, tobacco is sown in
or hotbeds, as their
is activated by light.[]
In the United States, tobacco is often fertilized with the mineral , which partially starves the plant of , to produce a more desired flavor.
After the plants are about 8 inches (20 cm) tall, they are transplanted into the fields. Farmers used to have to wait for rainy weather to plant. A hole is created in the tilled earth with a tobacco peg, either a curved wooden tool or deer antler. After making two holes to the right and left, the planter would move forward two feet, select plants from his/her bag, and repeat. Various mechanical tobacco planters like Bemis, New Idea Setter, and New Holland Transplanter were invented in the late 19th and 20th centuries to automate the process: making the hole, watering it, guiding the plant in — all in one motion.
Tobacco is cultivated annually, and can be
in several ways. In the oldest method still used today, the entire plant is harvested at once by cutting off the stalk at the ground with a tobacco knife. It is then speared onto sticks, four to six plants a stick and hung in a curing barn. In the 19th century, bright tobacco began to be harvested by pulling individual leaves off the stalk as they ripened. The leaves ripen from the ground upwards, so a field of tobacco harvested in this manner involves the serial harvest of a number of "primings", beginning with the
leaves near the ground, working to the
leaves in the middle of the plant, and finishing with the potent
leaves at the top. Before this, the crop must be topped when the pink flowers develop. Topping always refers to the removal of the tobacco flower before the leaves are systematically removed, and eventually, entirely harvested. As the industrial revolution took hold, harvesting wagons used to transport leaves were equipped with man-powered stringers, an apparatus that used twine to attach leaves to a pole. In modern times, large fields are harvested mechanically, although topping the flower and in some cases the plucking of immature leaves is still done by hand. Most tobacco in the U.S. is grown in North Carolina, Kentucky, and Virginia.
Tobacco barn in
used for air curing of shade tobacco
Sun-cured tobacco, ,
Curing and subsequent aging allow for the slow
and degradation of
in tobacco leaf. This produces certain compounds in the tobacco leaves, and gives a sweet hay, , , or fruity aromatic flavor that contributes to the "smoothness" of the smoke. Starch is converted to sugar, which
protein, and is oxidized into
process that also adds flavor. Inhalation of these AGEs in tobacco smoke contributes to
and . Levels of AGEs are dependent on the curing method used.
Tobacco can be cured through several methods, including:
tobacco is hung in well-ventilated barns and allowed to dry over a period of four to eight weeks. Air-cured tobacco is low in sugar, which gives the tobacco smoke a light, mild flavor, and high in nicotine. Cigar and burley tobaccos are 'dark' air-cured.
tobacco is hung in large barns where fires of hardwoods are kept on continuous or intermittent low smoulder, and takes between three days and ten weeks, depending on the process and the tobacco. Fire curing produces a tobacco low in sugar and high in nicotine. Pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco, and snuff are fire-cured.
tobacco was originally strung onto tobacco sticks, which were hung from tier-poles in curing barns (Aus: , also traditionally called 'oasts'). These barns have flues run from externally fed fire boxes, heat-curing the tobacco without exposing it to smoke, slowly raising the temperature over the course of the curing. The process generally takes about a week. This method produces cigarette tobacco that is high in sugar and has medium to high levels of nicotine. Most cigarettes incorporate flue-cured tobacco, which produces a milder, more inhalable smoke.
tobacco dries uncovered in the sun. This method is used in Turkey, Greece, and other Mediterranean countries to produce oriental tobacco. Sun-cured tobacco is low in sugar and nicotine and is used in cigarettes.
Some tobaccos go through a second stage of curing, known as
or sweating.
undergoes fermentation pressed in a casing solution containing sugar and/or flavoring.
Tobacco production in
in the 1930s
Production of tobacco leaf increased by 40% between 1971, when 4.2 million tons of leaf were produced, and 1997, when 5.9 million tons of leaf were produced. According to the Food and Agriculture organization of the UN, tobacco leaf production was expected to hit 7.1 million tons by 2010. This number is a bit lower than the record-high production of 1992, when 7.5 million tons of leaf were produced. The production growth was almost entirely due to increased productivity by developing nations, where production increased by 128%. During that same time, production in developed countries actually decreased. China's increase in tobacco production was the single biggest factor in the increase in world production. China's share of the world market increased from 17% in 1971 to 47% in 1997. This growth can be partially explained by the existence of a high import tariff on foreign tobacco entering China. While this tariff has been reduced from 64% in 1999 to 10% in 2004, it still has led to local, Chinese cigarettes being preferred over foreign cigarettes because of their lower cost.
Top tobacco producers, 2014
Production ()
 World
No note = official figure, F =
Estimate, A = Aggregate (may include official, semiofficial or estimates).
Every year, about 6.7 million tons of tobacco are produced throughout the world. The top producers of tobacco are China (39.6%), India (8.3%), Brazil (7.0%) and the United States (4.6%).
Around the peak of global tobacco production, 20 million rural Chinese households were producing tobacco on 2.1 million hectares of land. While it is the major crop for millions of Chinese farmers, growing tobacco is not as profitable as cotton or sugarcane, because the Chinese government sets the market price. While this price is guaranteed, it is lower than the natural market price, because of the lack of market risk. To further control tobacco in their borders, China founded a
(STMA) in 1982. The STMA controls tobacco production, marketing, imports, and exports, and contributes 12% to the nation's national income. As noted above, despite the income generated for the state by profits from state-owned tobacco companies and the taxes paid by companies and retailers, China's government has acted to reduce tobacco use.
's Tobacco Board is headquartered in
in the state of . India has 96,865 registered tobacco farmers and many more who are not registered. In
tobacco product manufacturing facilities were operating in all of India. Around 0.25% of India's cultivated land is used for tobacco production.
Since 1947, the
has supported growth in the tobacco industry. India has seven tobacco research centers, located in , , , , , and
houses the core research institute.
In Brazil, around 135,000 family farmers cite tobacco production as their main economic activity. Tobacco has never exceeded 0.7% of the country's total cultivated area. In the southern regions of Brazil, Virginia, and Amarelinho, flue-cured tobacco, as well as burley and Galp?o Comum air-cured tobacco, are produced. These types of tobacco are used for cigarettes. In the northeast, darker, air- and sun-cured tobacco is grown. These types of tobacco are used for cigars, twists, and dark cigarettes. Brazil's government has made attempts to reduce the production of tobacco, but has not had a successful systematic antitobacco farming initiative. Brazil's government, however, provides small loans for family farms, including those that grow tobacco, through the Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar.
Tobacco plantation, ,
The International Labour Office reported that the most child-laborers work in agriculture, which is one of the most hazardous types of work.[ ()] The tobacco industry houses some of these working children. Use of children is widespread on farms in Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malawi, and Zimbabwe. While some of these children work with their families on small, family-owned farms, others work on large plantations. In late 2009, reports were released by the London-based human-rights group , claiming that child labor was common on Malawi (producer of 1.8% of the world's tobacco) tobacco farms. The organization interviewed 44 teens, who worked full-time on farms during the 2007-8 growing season. The child-laborers complained of low pay and long hours, as well as physical and sexual abuse by their supervisors. They also reported suffering from , a form of nicotine poisoning. When wet leaves are handled, nicotine from the leaves gets absorbed in the skin and causes nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Children were exposed to 50-cigarettes-worth of nicotine through direct contact with tobacco leaves. This level of nicotine in children can permanently alter brain structure and function.[ ()]
Tobacco harvesting, , Cuba
Major tobacco companies have encouraged global tobacco production. , , and
each own or lease tobacco-manufacturing facilities in at least 50 countries and buy crude tobacco leaf from at least 12 more countries. This encouragement, along with government subsidies, has led to a glut in the tobacco market. This surplus has resulted in lower prices, which are devastating to small-scale tobacco farmers. According to the World Bank, between 1985 and 2000, the inflation-adjusted price of tobacco dropped 37%. Tobacco is the most widely
legal product.
Tobacco production requires the use of large amounts of . Tobacco companies recommend up to 16 separate applications of pesticides just in the period between planting the seeds in greenhouses and transplanting the young plants to the field. Pesticide use has been worsened by the desire to produce larger crops in less time because of the decreasing market value of tobacco. Pesticides often harm tobacco farmers because they are unaware of the health effects and the proper safety protocol for working with pesticides. These pesticides, as well as fertilizers, end up in the soil, waterways, and the food chain. Coupled with child labor, pesticides pose an even greater threat. Early exposure to pesticides may increase a child's lifelong cancer risk, as well as harm his or her nervous and immune systems.
Tobacco crops extract nutrients (such as , , and ) from soil, decreasing its fertility.
Furthermore, the wood used to cure tobacco in some places leads to deforestation. While some big tobacco producers such as China and the United States have access to petroleum, coal, and natural gas, which can be used as alternatives to wood, most developing countries still rely on wood in the curing process. Brazil alone uses the wood of 60 million trees per year for curing, packaging, and rolling cigarettes.
In 2017 WHO released a study on the environmental effects of tobacco.
Several tobacco plants have been used as
in . , derived from N. tabacum
'Bright Yellow-2', are among the most important research tools in plant . Tobacco has played a pioneering role in
culture research and the elucidation of the mechanism by which
works, laying the groundwork for modern agricultural . The first genetically modified plant was produced in 1982, using
to create an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant. This research laid the groundwork for all .
Because of its importance as a research tool, transgenic tobacco was the first GM crop to be tested in field trials, in the United States and France in 1986; China became the first country in the world to approve commercial planting of a GM crop in 1993, which was tobacco.
Many varieties of transgenic tobacco have been intensively tested in field trials. Agronomic traits such as resistance to pathogens (viruses, particularly to the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV); bacteria and nematodes); weed management via resistance
resistance and production of useful products suc and use of GM plants for , have all been tested in over 400 field trials using tobacco.
Currently, only the US is producing GM tobacco. The Chinese virus-resistant tobacco was withdrawn from the market in China in 1997.:3 In the US, cigarettes made with GM tobacco with reduced nicotine content are available under the market name Quest.
Tobacco is consumed in many forms and through a number of different methods. Some examples are:
are thin, often flavoured cigarettes from India made of tobacco wrapped in a
leaf, and secured with coloured thread at one end.
is the oldest way of consuming tobacco leaves. It is consumed orally, in two forms: through sweetened strands, or in a shredded form. When consuming the long, sweetened strands, the tobacco is lightly chewed and compacted into a ball. When consuming the shredded tobacco, small amounts are placed at the bottom lip, between the gum and the teeth, where it is gently compacted, thus it can often be called dipping tobacco. Both methods stimulate the salivary glands, which led to the development of the .
are tightly rolled bundles of dried and fermented tobacco, which are ignited so their smoke may be drawn into the smokers' mouths.
are a product consumed through inhalation of smoke and manufactured from cured and finely cut tobacco leaves and reconstituted tobacco, often combined with other additives, then rolled into a paper cylinder.
is tobacco paste, consisting of tobacco, clove oil, glycerin, spearmint, menthol, and camphor, and sold in a toothpaste tube. It is marketed mainly to women in India, and is known by the brand names Ipco (made by Asha Industries), Denobac, Tona, and Ganesh. It is locally known as mishri in some parts of Maharashtra.
are a form of . Dip is occasionally referred to as "chew", and because of this, it is commonly confused with , which encompasses a wider range of products. A small clump of dip is 'pinched' out of the tin and placed between the lower or upper lip and gums. Some brands, as with snus, are portioned in small, porous pouches for less mess.
is a preparation of crushed betel nut, tobacco, and sweet or savory flavorings. It is manufactured in India and exported to a few other countries. A mild stimulant, it is sold across India in small, individual-sized packets.
heat rather than burn tobacco to generate an aerosol that contains nicotine.
is a middle eastern tobacco with high nicotine levels grown in parts of Oman and Hatta, which is smoked through a thin pipe called a medwakh. It is a form of tobacco which is dried up and ground and contains little to no additives excluding spices, fruits, or flowers to enhance smell and flavor.
is a single- or multistemmed (often glass-based) water pipe for smoking. Hookahs were first used in India and P the hookah has gained immense popularity, especially in the Middle East. A hookah operates by water filtration and indirect heat. It can be used for smoking herbal fruits or , a mixture of tobacco, flavouring, and
are cigarettes made with a complex blend of tobacco, cloves, and a flavoring "sauce". They were first introduced in the 1880s in Kudus, Java, to deliver the medicinal
of cloves to the lungs.
, often called 'rollies' or 'roll-ups', are relatively popular in some European countries. These are prepared from loose tobacco, cigarette papers, and filters all bought separately. They are usually cheaper to make.
typically consists of a small chamber (the bowl) for the combustion of the tobacco to be smoked and a thin stem (shank) that ends in a mouthpiece (the bit). Shredded pieces of tobacco are placed into the chamber and ignited.
is a ground smokeless tobacco product, inhaled or "snuffed" through the nose. If referring specifically to the orally consumed moist snuff, see .
is a steam-pasteurized moist powdered tobacco product that is not fermented, and induces minimal salivation. It is consumed by placing it (loose or in little pouches) against the upper gums for an extended period of time. It is somewhat similar to dipping tobacco but does not require spitting and is significantly lower in .
, often in the form of an infusion or a spice, have gained popularity in recent years.
is sometimes used as a treatment for , , , , and . An amount equivalent to the contents of a cigarette is mashed in a cup with about a half a teaspoon of water to make a paste that is then applied to the affected area.
is a traditional
used in domestic . Tobacco dust can be used similarly. It is produced by boiling strong tobacco in water, or by steeping the tobacco in water for a longer period. When cooled, the mixture can be applied as a spray, or 'painted' on to the leaves of garden plants, where it kills insects. Tobacco is, however, banned from use as pesticide in certified organic production by the USDA's .
Smoking in public was, for a long time, reserved for men, and when done by women was someti in Japan, during the , prostitutes and their clients often approached one another under the guise of offering a smoke. The same was true in 19th-century Europe.
Following the , the use of tobacco, primarily in cigars, became associated with
and power. Today, tobacco use
this has spawned quitting associations and antismoking campaigns.
is the only country in the world where tobacco sales are illegal. Due to its propensity for causing detumescence and erectile dysfunction, some studies have described tobacco as an anaphrodisiacal substance.
Research on tobacco use is limited mainly to smoking, which has been studied more extensively than any other form of consumption. An estimated 1.1 billion people, and up to one-third of the adult population, use tobacco in some form. Smoking is more prevalent among men (however, the gender gap declines with age), the poor, and in transitional or
Rates of smoking continue to rise in developing countries, but have leveled off or declined in . Smoking rates in the United States have dropped by half from 1965 to 2006, falling from 42% to 20.8% in adults. In the developing world, tobacco consumption is rising by 3.4% per year.
Tobacco smoking poses a risk to health due to the inhalation of poisonous chemicals in tobacco smoke such as , , and
which have been proven to cause heart and lung diseases and Cancer. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco is the single greatest cause of preventable death globally. The WHO estimates that tobacco caused 5.4 million deaths in 2004 and 100 million deaths over the course of the 20th century. Similarly, the United States
describe tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature death worldwide."
The harms caused by inhalation of poisonous chemicals such as
in tobacco smoke include diseases affecting the
and , with smoking being a major risk factor for , ,
(emphysema), and
(particularly , , and ). Cancer is caused by inhaling carcinogenic substances present in tobacco smoke.
Inhaling secondhand tobacco smoke can cause lung cancer in nonsmoking adults. In the United States, about 3,000 adults die each year due to lung cancer from secondhand smoke exposure. Heart disease caused by secondhand smoke kills around 46,000 nonsmokers every year.
The addictive alkaloid
is a , and popularly known as the most characteristic constituent of tobacco. Nicotine is known to produce conditioned place preference, a sign of enforcement value. Nicotine scores almost as highly as opioids on drug effect questionnaire liking scales, which are a rough indicator of addictive potential. Users may develop
and . Thousands of different substances in cigarette smoke, including
(such as ), , , , , , and
contribute to the harmful effects of smoking. Tobacco's overall harm to user and self score as determined by a multi-criteria decision analysis was determined at 3 percent below cocaine, and 13 percent above amphetamines, ranking 6th most harmful of the 20 drugs assessed.
is a natural contaminant of tobacco, providing additional evidence for the link between smoking and . It is also extremely toxic, with one microgram being enough to kill the average adult (250,000 times more toxic than
by weight).
Thinkers such as
often describe tobacco as the second most lethal substance consumed by humans, the most lethal being . This is primarily due to their long term impact on general health, the abundance in which they are consumed, and their legality which facilitates and promotes consumption.
This section needs expansion with: discussion of the impact on the poor, taxation, and so forth. You can help by . (January 2009)
Tobacco has a significant economic impact. The global tobacco market has been approximated to be US$760 billion (excluding China).
estimates that in the U.S. alone the tobacco industry has a market of US$121 billion despite the fact the
reports that US smoking rates are declining steadily. In the US, the decline in the number of smokers, the end of the
in 2014, and competition from growers in other countries, made tobacco farming economics more challenging.
"Much of the disease burden and premature mortality attributable to tobacco use disproportionately affect the poor", and of the 1.22 billion smokers, 1 billion of them live in developing or transitional economies.
Smoking of tobacco is practised worldwide by over one billion people. However, while smoking prevalence has declined in many developed countries, it remains high in others and is increasing among women and in developing countries. Between one-fifth and two-thirds of men in most populations smoke. Women's smoking rates vary more widely but rarely equal male rates.
In Indonesia, the lowest income group spends 15% of its total expenditures on tobacco. In Egypt, more than 10% of households' expenditure in low-income homes is on tobacco. The poorest 20% of households in Mexico spend 11% of their income on tobacco.
Tobacco advertising of tobacco products by the tobacco industry is through a variety of media, including sponsorship, particularly of sporting events. It is now one of the most highly regulated forms of marketing. Some or all forms of tobacco advertising are banned in many countries.
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