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细胞库/细胞培养
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1、T25是用T25细胞培养瓶直接发货的形式。收到细胞后，拆开包装T25瓶的自封袋，不拆封口膜，表面喷75%酒精消毒后显微镜观察细胞状态（有条件可以拍下此时细胞照片）。将细胞放入37度培养箱平衡两小时以上，再处理细胞。首先将T25中培养基取出装好备用，如细胞密度高于80%，可以直接消化传代，相反则加入5-6mL培养基放回培养箱继续培养即可。2、离心管是用15mL离心管发货的方式，只用于悬浮细胞发货。收到细胞后消毒处理及平衡参考上述T25瓶。平衡完成后，离心（1000rpm，3min）收集细胞，弃上清，用新的培养基重悬细胞并接种至培养瓶或皿中，放回培养箱继续培养。3、血清是用牛血清直接发货的形式，是细胞冻存管加入含有细胞的牛血清的形式。收到细胞后，拆开自封袋，冻存管表面喷75%酒精消毒后，在超净台中打开冻存管，将细胞用1mL枪头轻轻几次以将细胞吹匀，接种至含有预热的培养基的培养瓶或皿中，显微镜下观察细胞是否吹匀，如果没有吹匀，继续吹匀至3-5个细胞一团，放回培养箱继续培养。4、干冰是用本公司冻存液冻存细胞后，直接用干冰将冻存的细胞冷冻发货的形式。收到细胞后按照细胞复苏的步骤操作即可。干冰发货为两支，先复苏一支，另一支放液氮；如复苏有问题，请及时联系我们并在我方指导下复苏另外一支。&2&相关问题1、如不能在收到细胞后及时操作细胞，T25及离心管发货的细胞可以消毒后在培养箱过夜，血清发货的细胞可以在室温下静置1-2天（注意不要放冰箱），干冰发货的可以在确认干冰未完全升华时将细胞直接放回液氮或者-80度冰箱，若干冰完全升华，请即刻复苏细胞。2、T25瓶及离心管在培养箱平衡是为了让细胞尽快适应培养箱环境，同时使部分因运输导致脱落的细胞贴壁，此步骤非常必要。T25瓶如果在显微镜下可以看到部分不贴壁的细胞，可以收集上清后离心（1200rpm，5min）后，将沉淀用新的培养基重悬后接种至新的培养瓶或皿中。3、部分细胞在运输过程中，由于不断震荡及环境不适，可能导致细胞破碎死亡，从而使培养基中漂浮很多细胞碎片及颗粒状物质。这种情况下，平衡后，贴壁细胞用PBS洗两遍在加新的培养基培养或者传代至新瓶中培养即可；悬浮细胞可以离心（1000rpm，3min）收集细胞，并用PBS重悬后再离心一次，再用新的培养基重悬并接种细胞。三、细胞培养及传代&1&细胞培养1、细胞请于细胞培养箱中培养，大部分细胞是37℃，5% CO2，湿度100%环境下培养的。有极少部分细胞培养条件不一致，请仔细阅读相应的细胞说明书，使用正确的培养基及培养条件。2、细胞于培养瓶或皿中培养，加入适量说明书上标注的细胞相应完全培养基（一般液面高度2-3mm即可）。&2&细胞传代（以下步骤适用于10cm皿）1、细胞培养至密度达80%以上时即可传代，先将细胞培养基取出3mL用15mL离心管装好，其他培养基全部吸干舍弃；2、培养皿加入2-3mL无菌PBS，轻轻晃动皿，使PBS浸洗到皿底所有部位，PBS吸干舍弃；3、加入1mL胰酶，轻轻晃动皿，使胰酶浸没到皿底所有部位，将皿盖好放入培养箱中消化；4、3min后，显微镜下观察细胞，若大部分细胞不再贴壁，即可加入第一步收集的培养基混匀；若细胞还是贴壁，放回培养箱继续消化至不贴壁为止；5、将细胞悬液均匀分成几份，分别加入不同培养皿中，补加新培养基后放回培养箱培养。&3&相关问题1、部分细胞在传代后时，会有以下现象：细胞内会有黑色小点、细胞间隙有些颗粒物、培养基漂浮一些死细胞或者细胞长的极慢。出现以上现象时，可以咨询本公司技术人员此现象是否正常及相关处理方式，不要频繁换液，大多数细胞1周换液2-3次即可。2、细胞碎片较多、背景较脏时，贴壁细胞用PBS漂洗两次、悬浮细胞打散后低速离心（900rpm，3min）能有效改善。3、传代比例建议1:2-1:3，长得比较快的细胞可以1：3，比较慢的按1:2传代。传代后，建议不要使用传代前培养所使用的培养基，会有大量细胞碎片甚至导致细胞死亡的风险。4、细胞状态不好或者生长极慢的时候，可以通过增加血清浓度调整细胞状态及生长速度。5、请不要随意更换培养基，因实验需要，可以逐步驯化。6、使用进口或者活力较强胰酶的客户请注意，消化过度或者吹打过于剧烈会导致细胞受损，从而导致细胞不贴壁或者死亡产生碎片，进而生长缓慢。应注意不要消化过长时间，建议1分钟以内（约30-40s），终止也要彻底，至少6倍胰酶体积的完全培养基终止，终止之后离心去除胰酶后再用新的培养基重悬后传代。四、细胞冻存&1&冻存操作1、冻存液配方：建议使用92%FBS+8%DMSO，客户自身实验室所使用的冻存液也可以适用，血清浓度不低于30%，DMSO含量不高于12%即可。2、收集细胞按照以上细胞传代步骤操作至第④步后，将细胞悬液收集入15mL离心管，离心（1200rpm，3min）；3、弃上清，加入配制好的冻存液，重悬细胞，悬液加入无菌冻存管中；4、将冻存管在4℃静置10min，后将之正置于室温下的厚壁有盖泡沫盒中，盖紧盒盖，放入-80℃冰箱过夜，第二天放入液氮即可长期保存。&2&相关问题1、10cm皿的细胞长满一般可以冻存2-3管，部分细胞长的比较慢，冻存的细胞密度要稍微大点，以防止复苏后生长困难。2、冻存液中含的DMSO请使用细胞级DMSO，同时浓度不要太高。部分细胞在10%DMSO条件下冻存会死亡，所以DMSO浓度5%-8%是比较推荐的浓度。3、细胞冻存及复苏遵循慢冻快融的原则，即冻存时温度不能急剧下降，应控制温度缓慢下降。复苏时应快速融化，融化后尽快加入培养基中。4、冻存时建议设置冻存检测，即取0.2-0.3mL的冻存液重悬的细胞于一个冻存管中，与正常体积冻存的细胞共同冻存，至液氮后复苏检查冻存结果。冻检合格前，留一部分细胞继续培养，以防万一。五、细胞复苏&1&复苏步骤1、将冻存细胞从液氮中取出后迅速放入37℃温水中摇晃融化，时间1min左右；2、冻存管于1000rpm离心1min，弃冻存液，缓慢加入预热过的1mL新的完全培养基轻轻重悬细胞；3、接种至新培养瓶或皿中，补加足量预热完全培养基，放入培养箱中培养。&2&相关问题1、复苏过程应迅速操作，时间不能太长。2、复苏过程中注意污染，小心操作。细胞培养需要耐心与细心，希望您能获得一个满意的结果！
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Rat2.1 终结者 告别版源码.rar 功能强大 Remote Control 远程控制编程 238万源代码下载- www.pudn.com
&文件名称: Rat2.1
& & & & &&]
&&所属分类:
&&开发工具: Visual C++
&&文件大小: 1969 KB
&&上传时间:
&&下载次数: 84
&&提 供 者:
&详细说明：终结者Rat2.1告别版源码.rar 功能强大-Terminator Rat2.1 farewell version of source code. Rar
文件列表(点击判断是否您需要的文件，如果是垃圾请在下面评价投诉):
&&终结者Rat2.1告别版源码\Bin\Assist.dll&&......................\common\Audio.cpp&&......................\......\Audio.h&&......................\......\CursorInfo.h&&......................\......\macros.h&&......................\......\VideoCodec.h&&......................\......\zlib\zconf.h&&......................\......\....\zlib.h&&......................\......\....\zlib.lib&&......................\gh0st\Assist.dll&&......................\.....\AudioDlg.cpp&&......................\.....\AudioDlg.h&&......................\.....\BatchCommand.cpp&&......................\.....\BatchCommand.h&&......................\.....\bk.gif&&......................\.....\BmpToAvi.cpp&&......................\.....\BmpToAvi.h&&......................\.....\BugSubmitDlg.cpp&&......................\.....\BugSubmitDlg.h&&......................\.....\BuildDialog.cpp&&......................\.....\BuildDialog.h&&......................\.....\BuildView.cpp&&......................\.....\BuildView.h&&......................\.....\CFlashShow.cpp&&......................\.....\CFlashShow.h&&......................\.....\ChatDialog.cpp&&......................\.....\ChatDialog.h&&......................\.....\.J60Lib\CJ60Lib\CJ60Lib.clw&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJ60lib.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJ60lib.def&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJ60Lib.dsp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJ60Lib.dsw&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJ60Lib.plg&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJ60Lib.positions&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJ60Lib.rc&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJ60StaticLib.dsp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJCaption.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJControlBar.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJDockBar.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJDockContext.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJExplorerBar.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJFlatButton.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJFlatComboBox.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJFlatHeaderCtrl.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJFrameInfo.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJFrameWnd.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJListCtrl.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJListView.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJMDIFrameWnd.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJMiniDockFrameWnd.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJOutlookBar.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJPagerCtrl.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJSearchEdit.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJSizeDockBar.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJTabctrlBar.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJTabView.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJToolBar.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CoolBar.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CoolMenu.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\FixTB.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\FlatBar.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\Globals.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\Globals.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\hyperlink.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\MenuBar.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\ModulVer.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\readme.txt&&......................\.....\.......\.......\..s\btn_arro.bmp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\...\btn_explorer.bmp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\...\button_images.bmp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\...\cj60lib.rc2&&......................\.....\.......\.......\...\cj_logo.bmp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\...\hsplitba.cur&&......................\.....\.......\.......\...\vsplitba.cur&&......................\.....\.......\.......\resource.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\ShellPidl.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\ShellTree.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\SHFileInfo.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\stdafx.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\stdafx.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\Subclass.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\Include\CJ60Lib.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJCaption.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJControlBar.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJDockBar.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJDockContext.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJExplorerBar.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJFlatButton.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJFlatComboBox.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJFlatHeaderCtrl.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJFrameInfo.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJFrameWnd.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJListCtrl.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJListView.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJMDIFrameWnd.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJMiniDockFrameWnd.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJOutlookBar.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJPagerCtrl.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJSearchEdit.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJSizeDockBar.h
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我们会通过消息、邮箱等方式尽快将举报结果通知您。From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed
"True rats" are members of the genus Rattus, the most important of which to humans are the , Rattus rattus, and the , Rattus norvegicus. Many members of other rodent genera and families are also referred to as rats, and share many characteristics with true rats.
Rats are typically distinguished from
by their size. Generally, when someone discovers a large
rodent, its
includes the term rat, while if it is smaller, the name includes the term mouse. The muroid family is broad and complex, and the common terms rat and mouse are not
specific. Scientifically, the terms are not confined to members of the Rattus and
genera, for example, the
A rat by a riverbank
A rat in a city street
The best-known rat
(Rattus rattus) and the
(Rattus norvegicus). The group is generally known as the
rats or true rats, and originated in Asia. Rats are bigger than most Old World , which are their relatives, but seldom weigh over 500 grams (1.1 lb) in the wild.
The term "rat" is also used in the names of other small
which are not true rats. Examples include the
, a number of species loosely called , and others. Rats such as the
(Bandicota bengalensis) are
rodents related to true rats, but are not members of the genus Rattus. Male rats are called bucks, unmated females are called does, pregnant or parent females are called dams, and infants are called kittens or pups. A group of rats is referred to as a mischief.
The common species are opportunistic survivors and often therefore, they are known as . They may cause substantial food losses, especially in developing countries. However, the widely distributed and problematic commensal species of rats are a minority in this diverse genus. Many species of rats are
and some have become endangered due to habitat loss or competition with the brown, black or .
Wild rodents, including rats, can carry many different
pathogens, such as , , and . The
is traditionally believed to have been caused by the micro-organism , carried by the tropical rat flea () which preyed on black rats living in European cities during the epidemic outbreaks of the Middle A these rats were used as transport hosts. Another zoonotic disease linked to the rat is the .
A rat in a
The average lifespan of any given rat depends on which species is being discussed, but many only live about a year due to predation.
The black and brown rats diverged from other
during the beginning of the
in the forests of Asia.
The characteristic long tail of most rodents is a feature that has been extensively studied in various rat species models, which subsequently suggest three primary functions of this structure: thermoregulation, minor proprioception, and a nocifensive-mediated degloving response. Rodent tails, particularly in rat models, has been implicated with a thermoregulation function that follows from its anatomical construction. This particular tail morphology is evident across the family Muridae (in contrast to the bushier tails of the squirrel family, ). The tail is hairless and thin-skinned, but highly vascularized, thus allowing for efficient counter-current heat exchange with the environment. The high muscular and connective tissue densities of the tail, along with ample muscle attachment sites along its plentiful caudal vertebrae facilitate specific proprioceptive senses to help orient the rodent in a three dimensional environment. Lastly, murids have evolved a unique defense mechanism termed "degloving" which allows for escape from predation through the loss of the outermost integument layer on the tail. However, this mechanism is associated with multiple pathologies that have been the subject of investigation.
Coronal Cross Section of Histological Layers in Murid Tail
Murid Tail Microscopy Cross Section
Murid Tail Dissection (Lateral View)
Rattus rattus (Murid) Tail Dissected
Multiple studies have explored the thermoregulatory capacity of rodent tails by subjecting test organisms to varying levels of physical activity and quantifying heat conduction via the animals' tails. One study demonstrated a significant disparity in heat dissipation from a rat's tail relative to its abdomen. This observation was attributed to the higher proportion of vascularity in the tail, as well as its higher surface area to volume ratio, which directly relates to heat's ability to dissipate via the skin. These findings were confirmed in a separate study analyzing the relationships of heat storage and mechanical efficiency in rodents that exercise in warm environments. In this study, the tail was a focal point in measuring heat accumulation and modulation.
On the other hand, the tail's ability to function as a proprioceptive sensor/modulator has also been investigated. As aforementioned, the tail demonstrates a high degree of muscularization and subsequent innervation that ostensibly collaborate in orienting the organism. Specifically, this is accomplished by coordinated flexion and extension of tail muscles to produce slight shifts in the organism's center of mass, orientation, etc., which ultimately assists it with achieving a state of proprioceptive balance in its environment. Further mechanobiological investigations of the constituent tendons in the tail of the rat have identified multiple factors that influence how the organism navigates its environment with this structure. A particular example is that of a study in which the morphology of these tendons is explicated in detail. Namely, cell viability tests of tendons of the rat's tail demonstrate a higher proportion of living
that produce the
for these fibers. As in humans, these tendons contain a high density of golgi tendon organs that help the animal assess stretching of muscle in situ and adjust accordingly by relaying the information to higher cortical areas associated with balance, proprioception, and movement.
The characteristic tail of Murids also displays a unique defense mechanism known as "" in which the outer layer of the integument can be detached in order to facilitate the animal's escape from a predator. Interestingly, however, this evolutionary selective pressure has persisted despite a multitude of pathologies that can manifest upon shedding part of the tail and exposing more interior elements to the environment. Paramount among these are bacterial and viral infection, as the high density of vascular tissue within the tail becomes exposed upon avulsion or similar injury to the structure. The degloving response is a nocifensive response, meaning that it occurs when the animal is subjected to acute pain, such as when a predator snatches the organism by the tail.
Specially bred rats have been kept as pets at least since the late 19th century. Pet rats are typically variants of the species , but
are also known to be kept. Pet rats behave differently from their wild counterparts depending on how many generations they have been kept as pets. Pet rats do not pose any more of a
than pets such as
or . Tamed rats are generally friendly and can be taught to perform selected behaviors.
A laboratory rat strain, known as a Zucker rat, bred to be genetically prone to , a
also found among humans.
of species Rattus rattus with all lung lobes removed from the thoracic cavity
(United States) established a population of domestic albino brown rats to study the effects of diet and for other physiological studies. Over the years, rats have been used in many experimental studies, which have added to our understanding of , , the effects of , and other topics that have provided a great benefit for the
and well-being of humankind. The aortic arches of the rat are among the most commonly studied in murine models due to marked anatomical homology to the human cardiovascular system. Both rat and human
exhibit subsequent branching of the brachiocephalic trunk, left common cartoid artery and left subclavian artery, as well as geometrically similar, non-planar curvature in the aortic branches. Aortic arches studied in rats exhibit abnormalities similar to those of humans, including altered pulmonary arteries and double or absent aortic arches. Despite existing anatomical analogy in the inthrathoracic position of the heart itself, the murine model of the heart and its structures remains a valuable tool for studies of human cardiovascular conditions.
Laboratory rats have also proved valuable in psychological studies of learning and other mental processes (Barnett, 2002), as well as to understand
and overcrowding (with the work of
on ). A 2007 study found rats to possess , a mental ability previously only documented in humans and some primates.
Domestic rats differ from wild rats in many ways. They are calmer and they can toler they breed earlier and pr and their , , , , and
are smaller (Barnett 2002).
are often used as
for scientific research. Since the publication of the rat genome sequence, and other advances, such as the creation of a rat , and the production of , the
has become a useful genetic tool, although not as popular as . When it comes to conducting tests related to intelligence, learning, and , rats are a popular choice due to their high , , , and . Their , in many ways, seems to be similar to humans. Entirely new
or "lines" of brown rats, such as the , have been bred for use in laboratories. Much of the genome of Rattus norvegicus has been sequenced.
This article or section possibly contains
which does not
to the main topic. Relevant discussion may be found on the . (January 2015) ()
Because of evident displays of their ability to learn, rats were investigated early to see whether they exhibit , as expressed by the definition of a g factor and observed in larger, more complex animals.[] Early studies ca. 1930 found evidence both for and against such a g factor in rat. Quoting Galsworthy, with regard to the affirmative 1935 Thorndike work:
Robert Thorndike, for example, provided strong evidence for g in rats by the use of a variety of tests such as mazes, problem-solving tasks, and simple avoidance conditioning... Performances tended to correlate across tasks, with stronger associations found between mazes and problem-solving than with simple avoidance tasks. Thorndike... also reviewed a dozen earlier studies which also suggested that the highest correlations are found between more complex problem-solving tasks. However, it should be noted that there were other contemporary studies that found split or near zero-order correlation matrices for other populations of rats across cognitive batteries...
However, some more contemporary work has not supported the earlier affirmative view. Throughout the 1990s and into the 2000s, series of articles have appeared attempting to address the question of general intelligence in this species, through measurements of tasks performed by rats and mice, e.g., with statistical evaluation by , and seeking to correlate general intelligence and brain size (as is done with ),[] where the general conclusion was in the affirmative.[][][]
This article or section possibly contains
which does not
to the main topic. Relevant discussion may be found on the . (January 2015) ()
A 2011 controlled study found that rats are actively . They demonstrate apparent altruistic behaviour to other rats in experiments, including freeing them from cages: when presented with readily available chocolate chips, test subjects would first free the caged rat, and then share the food. All female rats in the study displayed this behaviour, while 30% of the males did not.
It has been suggested that this article be
into a new article titled . () (October 2017)
Rat meat dishes in , , China
Rat meat is a food that, while
in some cultures, is a dietary staple in others. Taboos include fears of disease or religious prohibition, but in many places, the high number of rats has led to their incorporation into the local diets.
In some cultures, rats are or have been limited as an acceptable form of food to a particular social or economic class. In the
culture of India, rats are essential to the traditional diet, as Mishmi women may eat no meat except fish, pork, wild birds and rats. Conversely, the
community in north India has commercialised rat farming as an exotic delicacy. In the traditional cultures of the Hawaiians and the Polynesians, rat was an everyday food for commoners. When feasting, the Polynesian people of
could eat rat meat, but the king was not allowed to, due to the islanders' belief in his "state of sacredness" called . In studying precontact archaeological sites in , archaeologists have found the concentration of the remains of rats associated with commoner households accounted for three times the animal remains associated with elite households. The rat bones found in all sites are fragmented, burned and covered in carbonized material, indicating the rats were eaten as food. The greater occurrence of rat remains associated with commoner households may indicate the elites of precontact Hawaii did not consume them as a matter of status or taste.
France has several regions where people consume rat. A recipe for grilled rats, Bordeaux-style, calls for the use of alcoholic rats who live in wine cellars. These rats are skinned and eviscerated, brushed with a thick sauce of olive oil and crushed shallots, and grilled over a fire of broken wine barrels.
Rat stew is consumed in American cuisine in the state of West Virginia. In France and Victorian Britain rich people ate rat pie. During , British biologists ate , creamed.
Rat meat is eaten in Vietnamese cuisine.
is a roasted rat dish consumed in Vietnam and Thailand.
Flesh of rat is eaten in .
are an important food source among some peoples in Southeast Asia, and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimated rat meat makes up half the locally produced meat consumed in , where
are farmed and hunted for their meat. African slaves in the American South were known to hunt
(among other animals) to supplement their food rations, and Aborigines along the coast in southern Queensland, Australia, regularly included rats in their diet.
Ricefield rats () have traditionally been used as food in rice-producing regions such as , as immortalized by
in his novel Ca?as y barro. Along with
known as garrafons, rata de marjal (marsh rat) is one of the main ingredients in traditional
(later replaced by rabbit, chicken and seafood). Ricefield rats are also consumed in the Philippines, the
region of , and . In late 2008, Reuters reported the price of rat meat had quadrupled in Cambodia, creating a hardship for the poor who could no longer afford it.
Elsewhere in the world, rat meat is considered diseased and unclean, socially unacceptable, or there are strong religious proscriptions against it.
traditions prohibit it, while both the
of Peru and
of Bolivia have cultural taboos against the eating of rats.
Rats are a common food item for snakes, both in the wild, and as pets. Adult
and , for example, are fed a diet of mostly rats in captivity. Rats are readily available (live or frozen) to individual snake owners, as well as to pet shops and reptile zoos, from many suppliers. In Britain, the government prohibited the feeding of any live mammal to another animal in 2007.[] The rule says the animal must be dead before it is given to the animal to eat. The rule was put into place mainly because of the pressure of the
and people who said the feeding of live animals was cruel.
Rats have been used as working animals. Tasks for working rats include the sniffing of gunpowder residue, , acting and .
Rats have a keen sense of smell and are easy to train. These characteristics have been employed, for example, by the Belgian
, which trains rats (specifically ) to detect
and diagnose
through smell.
Rats can serve as
vectors for certain pathogens and thus spread disease, such as , , , and
infection.
Rodent Bait Station, , India
Rats have long been considered deadly pests. Once considered a modern myth, the
in India has now been verified. Indeed, every fifty years, armies of
descend upon rural areas and devour everything in their path. Rats have long been held up as the chief villain in the spread of the , however recent studies show that they alone could not account for the rapid spread of the disease through Europe in the . Still, the
does list nearly a dozen diseases directly linked to rats. Most urban areas battle rat infestations.
are famous for their size and prevalence. The urban legend that the rat population in Manhattan equals that of its human population (a myth definitively refuted by Robert Sullivan in his book "Rats") speaks volumes about New Yorkers' awareness of the presence, and on occasion boldness and cleverness, of the rodents. New York has specific regulations for getting rid of rats—multi-family residences and commercial businesses must use a specially trained and licensed exterminator. Rats have the ability to swim up sewer pipes into toilets. Rat infestations occur around pipes, behind walls and near garbage cans.
In the United States, cities tend to be breeding grounds for rat infestations and according to a 2015 study by the
(AHS) found that 18% of the homes in Philadelphia found evidence of rodents. This was followed by , , and then
as the cities with the largest rat and mouse problems.
When introduced into locations where rats previously did not exist they can cause an enormous amount of . , the black rat, is considered to be one of the world's worst invasive species. Also known as the ship rat, it has been carried worldwide as a
on sea-going vessels for millennia and has usually accompanied men to any new area visited or settled by human beings by sea. The similar but less aggressive species , the brown rat or wharf rat, has also been carried worldwide by ships in recent centuries.
The ship or wharf rat has contributed to the extinction of many species of wildlife including birds, small mammals, reptiles, invertebrates, and plants, especially on islands. True rats are omnivorous and capable of eating a wide range of plant and animal foods. True rats have a very high . When introduced to a new area, they quickly reproduce to take advantage of the new food supply. In particular, they prey on the eggs and young of forest birds, which on isolated islands often have no other predators and thus have no fear of predators. Some experts believe that rats are to blame for between 40 percent and 60 percent of all seabird and reptile extinctions, with 90 percent of those occurring on islands. Thus man has indirectly caused the extinction of many species by accidentally introducing rats to new areas.
Rats are found in nearly all areas of Earth which are inhabited by human beings. The only rat-free continent is Antarctica, which is too cold for rat survival outdoors, and its lack of human habitation does not provide buildings to shelter them from the weather. However, rats have been introduced to many of the islands near Antarctica, and because of their destructive effect on native flora and fauna, efforts to eradicate them are ongoing. In particular,
(just off rat-infested ), where breeding seabirds could be badly affected if rats were introduced, is subject to special measures and regularly monitored for rat invasions.
As part of
some islands' rat populations have been eradicated to protect or restore the .
was declared rat free after 229 years and
after almost 200 years.
in New Zealand was declared rat free in 1988 after an eradication campaign based on a successful trial on the smaller Hawea Island nearby.
In January 2015 an international "Rat Team" set sail from the
on board a ship carrying three helicopters and 100 tons of rat poison with the objective of "reclaiming the island for its seabirds". Rats have wiped out more than 90% of the seabirds on South Georgia, and the sponsors hope that once the rats are gone, it will regain its former status as home to the greatest concentration of seabirds in the world. The South Georgia Heritage Trust, which organized the mission describes it as "five times larger than any other rodent eradication attempted worldwide". That would be true if it were not for the rat control program in Alberta (see below).
The Canadian province of
(population 4.25 million) is notable for being the largest inhabited area on Earth which is free of true rats due to very aggressive government rat control policies. It has large numbers of native , also called bushy-tailed wood rats, but they are forest-dwelling vegetarians which are much less destructive than true rats.
Alberta was settled relatively late in North American history and only became a province in 1905. Black rats cannot survive in its climate at all, and brown rats must live near people and in their structures to survive the winters. There are numerous predators in Canada's vast natural areas which will eat non-native rats, so it took until 1950 for invading rats to make their way over land from Eastern Canada. Immediately upon their arrival at the eastern border with , the Alberta government implemented an extremely aggressive rat control program to stop them from advancing further. A systematic detection and eradication system was used throughout a control zone about 600 kilometres (400 mi) long and 30 kilometres (20 mi) wide along the eastern border to eliminate rat infestations before the rats could spread further into the province. Shotguns, bulldozers, high explosives, poison gas, and incendiaries were used to destroy rats. Numerous farm buildings were destroyed in the process. Initially, tons of
were spread around thousands of farm yards to poison rats, but soon after the program commenced the
and medical drug
was introduced, which is much safer for people and more effective at killing rats than arsenic.
Forceful government control measures, strong public support and enthusiastic citizen participation continue to keep rat infestations to a minimum. The effectiveness has been aided by a similar but newer program in Saskatchewan which prevents rats from even reaching the Alberta border. Alberta still employs an armed rat patrol to control rats along Alberta's borders. About ten single rats are found and killed per year, and occasionally a large localized infestation has to be dug out with heavy machinery, but the number of permanent rat infestations is zero.
The genus Rattus is a member of the giant subfamily . Several other murine genera are sometimes considered part of Rattus: , , , , , , , , , , , Stenomys, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and .
The genus Rattus proper contains 64 extant . A subgeneric breakdown of the species has been proposed, but does not include all species.
Genus Rattus – Typical rats
(Rattus annandalei) – Indonesia, , and
(Rattus enganus) – Indonesia
(Rattus everetti) – the Philippines
(Rattus exulans) –
and most Polynesian islands, New Zealand, , and
(Rattus hainaldi) – Indonesia
(Rattus hoogerwerfi) – Indonesia
(Rattus korinchi) – Indonesia
+ (Rattus macleari) –
(Rattus montanus) –
(Rattus morotaiensis) – Indonesia
+ (Rattus nativitatis) – Christmas Island
(Rattus ranjiniae) – India
(Rattus sanila)
(Rattus stoicus) –
(Rattus timorensis) –
R. norvegicus group
(Rattus nitidus) – Bangladesh, , China, India, Indonesia, , , , , the Philippines, , and Vietnam
(Rattus norvegicus) – worldwide except Antarctica
(Rattus pyctoris; obs. Rattus turkestanicus) – , China, India, Iran, , , and Pakistan
R. rattus group
(Rattus adustus) – , Indonesia
(Rattus andamanensis) – , , China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam
(Rattus argentiventer) – Southeast Asia
(Rattus baluensis) –
(Rattus blangorum)
(Rattus burrus) – India
(Rattus hoffmanni) – Indonesia
(Rattus koopmani) – Indonesia
(Rattus losea) – China, Laos, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam
(Rattus lugens) – Indonesia
(Rattus mindorensis) – the Philippines
(Rattus mollicomulus) – Indonesia
(Rattus osgoodi) – Vietnam
(Rattus palmarum) – India
(Rattus rattus) – worldwide except Antarctica
(Rattus satarae)
(Rattus simalurensis) – Indonesia
(Rattus tanezumi) – Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, , Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, , South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam
(Rattus tawitawiensis) – the Philippines
(Rattus tiomanicus) – Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand
R. xanthurus group
(Rattus bontanus; obs. Rattus foramineus) – Indonesia
(Rattus marmosurus) – Indonesia
(Rattus pelurus) – Indonesia
(Rattus salocco]) – Indonesia
(Rattus xanthurus) – Indonesia
R. leucopus group (New Guinean group)
(Rattus arfakiensis)
(Rattus arrogans)
(Rattus elaphinus) – Indonesia
(Rattus feliceus) – Indonesia
(Rattus giluwensis) –
(Rattus jobiensis) – Indonesia
(Rattus leucopus) – Australia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea
(Rattus mordax) – Papua New Guinea
(Rattus niobe) – Papua New Guinea, Indonesia
(Rattus novaeguineae) – Papua New Guinea
(Rattus omichlodes)
(Rattus pococki)
(Rattus praetor) – Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and
(Rattus richardsoni) – Indonesia
(Rattus steini) – Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
(Rattus vandeuseni) – Papua New Guinea
(Rattus verecundus) – Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
R. fuscipes group (Australian group)
(Rattus colletti) – Australia
(Rattus fuscipes) – Australia
(Rattus lutreolus) – Australia
(Rattus sordidus) – Australia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea
(Rattus tunneyi) – Australia
(Rattus villosissimus) – Australia
The following phylogeny of selected Rattus species is from Pagès, et al. (2010).
Rattus 
Rattus sp.
did not generally differentiate between rats and mice, instead referring to the former as mus maximus (big mouse) and the latter as mus minimus (little mouse).[]
On the , there is a
against the word "".
Chinese zodiac pendant with 5 rats climbing , bat at top of pendant
The rat (sometimes referred to as a mouse) is the first of the twelve animals of the . People born in this year are expected to possess qualities associated with rats, including creativity, intelligence, honesty, generosity, ambition, a quick temper and wastefulness. People born in a year of the rat are said to get along well with "monkeys" and "dragons", and to get along poorly with "horses".
The indigenous rats are allowed to run freely throughout the .
In Indian tradition, rats are seen as the vehicle of , and a rat's statue is always found in a temple of Ganesh. In the northwestern Indian city of , the rats at the
are held to be destined for
( holy men). The attending priests feed milk and grain to the rats, of which the pilgrims also partake.
European associations with the rat are generally negative. For instance, "Rats!" is used as a substitute for various vulgar
in the English language. These associations do not draw, per se, from any biological or behavioral trait of the rat, but possibly from the association of rats (and ) with the 14th-century medieval plague called the . Rats are seen as vicious, unclean, parasitic animals that steal food and spread disease. However, some people in European cultures keep
and conversely find them to be tame, clean, intelligent, and playful.
Rats are often
activists allege the treatment of rats in this context is cruel. The term "lab rat" is used, typically in a self-effacing manner, to describe a person whose job function requires them to spend a majority of their work time engaged in bench-level research (such as
in the sciences).
Rats are frequently blamed for damaging food supplies and other goods, or spreading disease. Their reputation has carried into common parlance: in the , "rat" is often an insult or is generally used to signify an un it is also used, as the term , to mean an individual who works as a police
or who has turned . Writer/director
created the humorous alias "Ratskywatsky" for a soldier who seduced, impregnated, and abandoned the heroine of his 1944 film, . It is a term ( and ) in criminal slang for an
– "to rat on someone" is to betray them by informing the authorities of a
or misdeed they committed. Describing a person as "rat-like" usually implies he or she is unattractive and suspicious.
Among , the word "rat" is also a term for nonunion employers or breakers of union contracts, and this is why unions use .
was depicted as a rat in a
United States Navy propaganda poster.
Depictions of rats in fiction are historically inaccurate and negative. The most common falsehood is the squeaking almost always heard in otherwise realistic portrayals (i.e. non). While the recordings may be of actual squeaking rats, the noise is uncommon – they may do so only if distressed, hurt, or annoyed. Normal vocalizations are very high-pitched, well outside the range of human hearing. Rats are also often cast in vicious and aggressive roles when in fact, their shyness helps keep them undiscovered for so long in an infested home.
The actual portrayals of rats vary from negative to positive with a majority in the negative and ambiguous. The rat plays a villain in sev from Brian Jacques's
and Robin Jarvis's , to the roles of Disney's
and Kate DiCamillo's
and . They have often been used as a being the titular evil in stories like
or H.P. Lovecraft's
and in films like
and . Another terrifying use of rats is as a method of , for instance in
in George Orwell's
Selfish helpfulness —those willing to help for a price— has also been attributed to fictional rats. Templeton, from E. B. White's , repeatedly reminds the other characters that he is only involved because it means more food for him, and the cellar-rat of John Masefield's
requires bribery to be of any assistance.
By contrast, the rats appearing in the
books tend to be highly positive and likeable characters, many of whom tell their remarkable life stories in the Mouse and Rat Club established by the animal-loving doctor.
Some fictional works use rats as the main characters. Notable examples include the society created by O'Brien's , and others include , and
from . 's 2007 animated film
is about a rat described by
as "earnest... lovable, determined, [and] gifted" who lives with a Parisian garbage-boy-turned-chef.
("My American Uncle"), a 1980 , illustrates 's theories on
by using short sequences in the storyline showing lab rat experiments.
In 's science fiction novel , humans unintentionally introduce rats to the ecology at the home world of an alien race which previously invaded Earth and introduced some of its own fauna into its environment. And
pitted his space-bound protagonist, Commodore Grimes, against giant, intelligent rats who took over several stellar systems and enslaved their human inhabitants. "" is nickname of the (human) protagonist of a series of humorous
written by .
One of the oldest and most historic stories about rats is "The Pied Piper of Hamelin", in which a
leads away an infestation with enchanted music. The piper is later refused payment, so he in turn leads away the town's children. This tale, traced to
around the late 13th century, has inspired adaptations in film, theatre, literature, and even opera. The subject of much research, some theories have intertwined the tale with events related to the , in which
played an important role. Fictional works based on the tale that focus heavily on the rat aspect include Pratchett's , and Belgian graphic novel
(The Ball of the Dead Rat).
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1、T25是用T25细胞培养瓶直接发货的形式。收到细胞后，拆开包装T25瓶的自封袋，不拆封口膜，表面喷75%酒精消毒后显微镜观察细胞状态（有条件可以拍下此时细胞照片）。将细胞放入37度培养箱平衡两小时以上，再处理细胞。首先将T25中培养基取出装好备用，如细胞密度高于80%，可以直接消化传代，相反则加入5-6mL培养基放回培养箱继续培养即可。2、离心管是用15mL离心管发货的方式，只用于悬浮细胞发货。收到细胞后消毒处理及平衡参考上述T25瓶。平衡完成后，离心（1000rpm，3min）收集细胞，弃上清，用新的培养基重悬细胞并接种至培养瓶或皿中，放回培养箱继续培养。3、血清是用牛血清直接发货的形式，是细胞冻存管加入含有细胞的牛血清的形式。收到细胞后，拆开自封袋，冻存管表面喷75%酒精消毒后，在超净台中打开冻存管，将细胞用1mL枪头轻轻几次以将细胞吹匀，接种至含有预热的培养基的培养瓶或皿中，显微镜下观察细胞是否吹匀，如果没有吹匀，继续吹匀至3-5个细胞一团，放回培养箱继续培养。4、干冰是用本公司冻存液冻存细胞后，直接用干冰将冻存的细胞冷冻发货的形式。收到细胞后按照细胞复苏的步骤操作即可。干冰发货为两支，先复苏一支，另一支放液氮；如复苏有问题，请及时联系我们并在我方指导下复苏另外一支。&2&相关问题1、如不能在收到细胞后及时操作细胞，T25及离心管发货的细胞可以消毒后在培养箱过夜，血清发货的细胞可以在室温下静置1-2天（注意不要放冰箱），干冰发货的可以在确认干冰未完全升华时将细胞直接放回液氮或者-80度冰箱，若干冰完全升华，请即刻复苏细胞。2、T25瓶及离心管在培养箱平衡是为了让细胞尽快适应培养箱环境，同时使部分因运输导致脱落的细胞贴壁，此步骤非常必要。T25瓶如果在显微镜下可以看到部分不贴壁的细胞，可以收集上清后离心（1200rpm，5min）后，将沉淀用新的培养基重悬后接种至新的培养瓶或皿中。3、部分细胞在运输过程中，由于不断震荡及环境不适，可能导致细胞破碎死亡，从而使培养基中漂浮很多细胞碎片及颗粒状物质。这种情况下，平衡后，贴壁细胞用PBS洗两遍在加新的培养基培养或者传代至新瓶中培养即可；悬浮细胞可以离心（1000rpm，3min）收集细胞，并用PBS重悬后再离心一次，再用新的培养基重悬并接种细胞。三、细胞培养及传代&1&细胞培养1、细胞请于细胞培养箱中培养，大部分细胞是37℃，5% CO2，湿度100%环境下培养的。有极少部分细胞培养条件不一致，请仔细阅读相应的细胞说明书，使用正确的培养基及培养条件。2、细胞于培养瓶或皿中培养，加入适量说明书上标注的细胞相应完全培养基（一般液面高度2-3mm即可）。&2&细胞传代（以下步骤适用于10cm皿）1、细胞培养至密度达80%以上时即可传代，先将细胞培养基取出3mL用15mL离心管装好，其他培养基全部吸干舍弃；2、培养皿加入2-3mL无菌PBS，轻轻晃动皿，使PBS浸洗到皿底所有部位，PBS吸干舍弃；3、加入1mL胰酶，轻轻晃动皿，使胰酶浸没到皿底所有部位，将皿盖好放入培养箱中消化；4、3min后，显微镜下观察细胞，若大部分细胞不再贴壁，即可加入第一步收集的培养基混匀；若细胞还是贴壁，放回培养箱继续消化至不贴壁为止；5、将细胞悬液均匀分成几份，分别加入不同培养皿中，补加新培养基后放回培养箱培养。&3&相关问题1、部分细胞在传代后时，会有以下现象：细胞内会有黑色小点、细胞间隙有些颗粒物、培养基漂浮一些死细胞或者细胞长的极慢。出现以上现象时，可以咨询本公司技术人员此现象是否正常及相关处理方式，不要频繁换液，大多数细胞1周换液2-3次即可。2、细胞碎片较多、背景较脏时，贴壁细胞用PBS漂洗两次、悬浮细胞打散后低速离心（900rpm，3min）能有效改善。3、传代比例建议1:2-1:3，长得比较快的细胞可以1：3，比较慢的按1:2传代。传代后，建议不要使用传代前培养所使用的培养基，会有大量细胞碎片甚至导致细胞死亡的风险。4、细胞状态不好或者生长极慢的时候，可以通过增加血清浓度调整细胞状态及生长速度。5、请不要随意更换培养基，因实验需要，可以逐步驯化。6、使用进口或者活力较强胰酶的客户请注意，消化过度或者吹打过于剧烈会导致细胞受损，从而导致细胞不贴壁或者死亡产生碎片，进而生长缓慢。应注意不要消化过长时间，建议1分钟以内（约30-40s），终止也要彻底，至少6倍胰酶体积的完全培养基终止，终止之后离心去除胰酶后再用新的培养基重悬后传代。四、细胞冻存&1&冻存操作1、冻存液配方：建议使用92%FBS+8%DMSO，客户自身实验室所使用的冻存液也可以适用，血清浓度不低于30%，DMSO含量不高于12%即可。2、收集细胞按照以上细胞传代步骤操作至第④步后，将细胞悬液收集入15mL离心管，离心（1200rpm，3min）；3、弃上清，加入配制好的冻存液，重悬细胞，悬液加入无菌冻存管中；4、将冻存管在4℃静置10min，后将之正置于室温下的厚壁有盖泡沫盒中，盖紧盒盖，放入-80℃冰箱过夜，第二天放入液氮即可长期保存。&2&相关问题1、10cm皿的细胞长满一般可以冻存2-3管，部分细胞长的比较慢，冻存的细胞密度要稍微大点，以防止复苏后生长困难。2、冻存液中含的DMSO请使用细胞级DMSO，同时浓度不要太高。部分细胞在10%DMSO条件下冻存会死亡，所以DMSO浓度5%-8%是比较推荐的浓度。3、细胞冻存及复苏遵循慢冻快融的原则，即冻存时温度不能急剧下降，应控制温度缓慢下降。复苏时应快速融化，融化后尽快加入培养基中。4、冻存时建议设置冻存检测，即取0.2-0.3mL的冻存液重悬的细胞于一个冻存管中，与正常体积冻存的细胞共同冻存，至液氮后复苏检查冻存结果。冻检合格前，留一部分细胞继续培养，以防万一。五、细胞复苏&1&复苏步骤1、将冻存细胞从液氮中取出后迅速放入37℃温水中摇晃融化，时间1min左右；2、冻存管于1000rpm离心1min，弃冻存液，缓慢加入预热过的1mL新的完全培养基轻轻重悬细胞；3、接种至新培养瓶或皿中，补加足量预热完全培养基，放入培养箱中培养。&2&相关问题1、复苏过程应迅速操作，时间不能太长。2、复苏过程中注意污染，小心操作。细胞培养需要耐心与细心，希望您能获得一个满意的结果！
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Rat2.1 终结者 告别版源码.rar 功能强大 Remote Control 远程控制编程 238万源代码下载- www.pudn.com
&文件名称: Rat2.1
& & & & &&]
&&所属分类:
&&开发工具: Visual C++
&&文件大小: 1969 KB
&&上传时间:
&&下载次数: 84
&&提 供 者:
&详细说明：终结者Rat2.1告别版源码.rar 功能强大-Terminator Rat2.1 farewell version of source code. Rar
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&&终结者Rat2.1告别版源码\Bin\Assist.dll&&......................\common\Audio.cpp&&......................\......\Audio.h&&......................\......\CursorInfo.h&&......................\......\macros.h&&......................\......\VideoCodec.h&&......................\......\zlib\zconf.h&&......................\......\....\zlib.h&&......................\......\....\zlib.lib&&......................\gh0st\Assist.dll&&......................\.....\AudioDlg.cpp&&......................\.....\AudioDlg.h&&......................\.....\BatchCommand.cpp&&......................\.....\BatchCommand.h&&......................\.....\bk.gif&&......................\.....\BmpToAvi.cpp&&......................\.....\BmpToAvi.h&&......................\.....\BugSubmitDlg.cpp&&......................\.....\BugSubmitDlg.h&&......................\.....\BuildDialog.cpp&&......................\.....\BuildDialog.h&&......................\.....\BuildView.cpp&&......................\.....\BuildView.h&&......................\.....\CFlashShow.cpp&&......................\.....\CFlashShow.h&&......................\.....\ChatDialog.cpp&&......................\.....\ChatDialog.h&&......................\.....\.J60Lib\CJ60Lib\CJ60Lib.clw&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJ60lib.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJ60lib.def&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJ60Lib.dsp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJ60Lib.dsw&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJ60Lib.plg&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJ60Lib.positions&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJ60Lib.rc&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJ60StaticLib.dsp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJCaption.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJControlBar.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJDockBar.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJDockContext.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJExplorerBar.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJFlatButton.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJFlatComboBox.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJFlatHeaderCtrl.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJFrameInfo.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJFrameWnd.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJListCtrl.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJListView.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJMDIFrameWnd.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJMiniDockFrameWnd.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJOutlookBar.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJPagerCtrl.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJSearchEdit.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJSizeDockBar.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJTabctrlBar.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJTabView.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJToolBar.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CoolBar.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CoolMenu.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\FixTB.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\FlatBar.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\Globals.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\Globals.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\hyperlink.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\MenuBar.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\ModulVer.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\readme.txt&&......................\.....\.......\.......\..s\btn_arro.bmp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\...\btn_explorer.bmp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\...\button_images.bmp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\...\cj60lib.rc2&&......................\.....\.......\.......\...\cj_logo.bmp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\...\hsplitba.cur&&......................\.....\.......\.......\...\vsplitba.cur&&......................\.....\.......\.......\resource.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\ShellPidl.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\ShellTree.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\SHFileInfo.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\stdafx.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\.......\stdafx.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\Subclass.cpp&&......................\.....\.......\Include\CJ60Lib.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJCaption.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJControlBar.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJDockBar.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJDockContext.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJExplorerBar.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJFlatButton.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJFlatComboBox.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJFlatHeaderCtrl.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJFrameInfo.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJFrameWnd.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJListCtrl.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJListView.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJMDIFrameWnd.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJMiniDockFrameWnd.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJOutlookBar.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJPagerCtrl.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJSearchEdit.h&&......................\.....\.......\.......\CJSizeDockBar.h
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in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed
"True rats" are members of the genus Rattus, the most important of which to humans are the , Rattus rattus, and the , Rattus norvegicus. Many members of other rodent genera and families are also referred to as rats, and share many characteristics with true rats.
Rats are typically distinguished from
by their size. Generally, when someone discovers a large
rodent, its
includes the term rat, while if it is smaller, the name includes the term mouse. The muroid family is broad and complex, and the common terms rat and mouse are not
specific. Scientifically, the terms are not confined to members of the Rattus and
genera, for example, the
A rat by a riverbank
A rat in a city street
The best-known rat
(Rattus rattus) and the
(Rattus norvegicus). The group is generally known as the
rats or true rats, and originated in Asia. Rats are bigger than most Old World , which are their relatives, but seldom weigh over 500 grams (1.1 lb) in the wild.
The term "rat" is also used in the names of other small
which are not true rats. Examples include the
, a number of species loosely called , and others. Rats such as the
(Bandicota bengalensis) are
rodents related to true rats, but are not members of the genus Rattus. Male rats are called bucks, unmated females are called does, pregnant or parent females are called dams, and infants are called kittens or pups. A group of rats is referred to as a mischief.
The common species are opportunistic survivors and often therefore, they are known as . They may cause substantial food losses, especially in developing countries. However, the widely distributed and problematic commensal species of rats are a minority in this diverse genus. Many species of rats are
and some have become endangered due to habitat loss or competition with the brown, black or .
Wild rodents, including rats, can carry many different
pathogens, such as , , and . The
is traditionally believed to have been caused by the micro-organism , carried by the tropical rat flea () which preyed on black rats living in European cities during the epidemic outbreaks of the Middle A these rats were used as transport hosts. Another zoonotic disease linked to the rat is the .
A rat in a
The average lifespan of any given rat depends on which species is being discussed, but many only live about a year due to predation.
The black and brown rats diverged from other
during the beginning of the
in the forests of Asia.
The characteristic long tail of most rodents is a feature that has been extensively studied in various rat species models, which subsequently suggest three primary functions of this structure: thermoregulation, minor proprioception, and a nocifensive-mediated degloving response. Rodent tails, particularly in rat models, has been implicated with a thermoregulation function that follows from its anatomical construction. This particular tail morphology is evident across the family Muridae (in contrast to the bushier tails of the squirrel family, ). The tail is hairless and thin-skinned, but highly vascularized, thus allowing for efficient counter-current heat exchange with the environment. The high muscular and connective tissue densities of the tail, along with ample muscle attachment sites along its plentiful caudal vertebrae facilitate specific proprioceptive senses to help orient the rodent in a three dimensional environment. Lastly, murids have evolved a unique defense mechanism termed "degloving" which allows for escape from predation through the loss of the outermost integument layer on the tail. However, this mechanism is associated with multiple pathologies that have been the subject of investigation.
Coronal Cross Section of Histological Layers in Murid Tail
Murid Tail Microscopy Cross Section
Murid Tail Dissection (Lateral View)
Rattus rattus (Murid) Tail Dissected
Multiple studies have explored the thermoregulatory capacity of rodent tails by subjecting test organisms to varying levels of physical activity and quantifying heat conduction via the animals' tails. One study demonstrated a significant disparity in heat dissipation from a rat's tail relative to its abdomen. This observation was attributed to the higher proportion of vascularity in the tail, as well as its higher surface area to volume ratio, which directly relates to heat's ability to dissipate via the skin. These findings were confirmed in a separate study analyzing the relationships of heat storage and mechanical efficiency in rodents that exercise in warm environments. In this study, the tail was a focal point in measuring heat accumulation and modulation.
On the other hand, the tail's ability to function as a proprioceptive sensor/modulator has also been investigated. As aforementioned, the tail demonstrates a high degree of muscularization and subsequent innervation that ostensibly collaborate in orienting the organism. Specifically, this is accomplished by coordinated flexion and extension of tail muscles to produce slight shifts in the organism's center of mass, orientation, etc., which ultimately assists it with achieving a state of proprioceptive balance in its environment. Further mechanobiological investigations of the constituent tendons in the tail of the rat have identified multiple factors that influence how the organism navigates its environment with this structure. A particular example is that of a study in which the morphology of these tendons is explicated in detail. Namely, cell viability tests of tendons of the rat's tail demonstrate a higher proportion of living
that produce the
for these fibers. As in humans, these tendons contain a high density of golgi tendon organs that help the animal assess stretching of muscle in situ and adjust accordingly by relaying the information to higher cortical areas associated with balance, proprioception, and movement.
The characteristic tail of Murids also displays a unique defense mechanism known as "" in which the outer layer of the integument can be detached in order to facilitate the animal's escape from a predator. Interestingly, however, this evolutionary selective pressure has persisted despite a multitude of pathologies that can manifest upon shedding part of the tail and exposing more interior elements to the environment. Paramount among these are bacterial and viral infection, as the high density of vascular tissue within the tail becomes exposed upon avulsion or similar injury to the structure. The degloving response is a nocifensive response, meaning that it occurs when the animal is subjected to acute pain, such as when a predator snatches the organism by the tail.
Specially bred rats have been kept as pets at least since the late 19th century. Pet rats are typically variants of the species , but
are also known to be kept. Pet rats behave differently from their wild counterparts depending on how many generations they have been kept as pets. Pet rats do not pose any more of a
than pets such as
or . Tamed rats are generally friendly and can be taught to perform selected behaviors.
A laboratory rat strain, known as a Zucker rat, bred to be genetically prone to , a
also found among humans.
of species Rattus rattus with all lung lobes removed from the thoracic cavity
(United States) established a population of domestic albino brown rats to study the effects of diet and for other physiological studies. Over the years, rats have been used in many experimental studies, which have added to our understanding of , , the effects of , and other topics that have provided a great benefit for the
and well-being of humankind. The aortic arches of the rat are among the most commonly studied in murine models due to marked anatomical homology to the human cardiovascular system. Both rat and human
exhibit subsequent branching of the brachiocephalic trunk, left common cartoid artery and left subclavian artery, as well as geometrically similar, non-planar curvature in the aortic branches. Aortic arches studied in rats exhibit abnormalities similar to those of humans, including altered pulmonary arteries and double or absent aortic arches. Despite existing anatomical analogy in the inthrathoracic position of the heart itself, the murine model of the heart and its structures remains a valuable tool for studies of human cardiovascular conditions.
Laboratory rats have also proved valuable in psychological studies of learning and other mental processes (Barnett, 2002), as well as to understand
and overcrowding (with the work of
on ). A 2007 study found rats to possess , a mental ability previously only documented in humans and some primates.
Domestic rats differ from wild rats in many ways. They are calmer and they can toler they breed earlier and pr and their , , , , and
are smaller (Barnett 2002).
are often used as
for scientific research. Since the publication of the rat genome sequence, and other advances, such as the creation of a rat , and the production of , the
has become a useful genetic tool, although not as popular as . When it comes to conducting tests related to intelligence, learning, and , rats are a popular choice due to their high , , , and . Their , in many ways, seems to be similar to humans. Entirely new
or "lines" of brown rats, such as the , have been bred for use in laboratories. Much of the genome of Rattus norvegicus has been sequenced.
This article or section possibly contains
which does not
to the main topic. Relevant discussion may be found on the . (January 2015) ()
Because of evident displays of their ability to learn, rats were investigated early to see whether they exhibit , as expressed by the definition of a g factor and observed in larger, more complex animals.[] Early studies ca. 1930 found evidence both for and against such a g factor in rat. Quoting Galsworthy, with regard to the affirmative 1935 Thorndike work:
Robert Thorndike, for example, provided strong evidence for g in rats by the use of a variety of tests such as mazes, problem-solving tasks, and simple avoidance conditioning... Performances tended to correlate across tasks, with stronger associations found between mazes and problem-solving than with simple avoidance tasks. Thorndike... also reviewed a dozen earlier studies which also suggested that the highest correlations are found between more complex problem-solving tasks. However, it should be noted that there were other contemporary studies that found split or near zero-order correlation matrices for other populations of rats across cognitive batteries...
However, some more contemporary work has not supported the earlier affirmative view. Throughout the 1990s and into the 2000s, series of articles have appeared attempting to address the question of general intelligence in this species, through measurements of tasks performed by rats and mice, e.g., with statistical evaluation by , and seeking to correlate general intelligence and brain size (as is done with ),[] where the general conclusion was in the affirmative.[][][]
This article or section possibly contains
which does not
to the main topic. Relevant discussion may be found on the . (January 2015) ()
A 2011 controlled study found that rats are actively . They demonstrate apparent altruistic behaviour to other rats in experiments, including freeing them from cages: when presented with readily available chocolate chips, test subjects would first free the caged rat, and then share the food. All female rats in the study displayed this behaviour, while 30% of the males did not.
It has been suggested that this article be
into a new article titled . () (October 2017)
Rat meat dishes in , , China
Rat meat is a food that, while
in some cultures, is a dietary staple in others. Taboos include fears of disease or religious prohibition, but in many places, the high number of rats has led to their incorporation into the local diets.
In some cultures, rats are or have been limited as an acceptable form of food to a particular social or economic class. In the
culture of India, rats are essential to the traditional diet, as Mishmi women may eat no meat except fish, pork, wild birds and rats. Conversely, the
community in north India has commercialised rat farming as an exotic delicacy. In the traditional cultures of the Hawaiians and the Polynesians, rat was an everyday food for commoners. When feasting, the Polynesian people of
could eat rat meat, but the king was not allowed to, due to the islanders' belief in his "state of sacredness" called . In studying precontact archaeological sites in , archaeologists have found the concentration of the remains of rats associated with commoner households accounted for three times the animal remains associated with elite households. The rat bones found in all sites are fragmented, burned and covered in carbonized material, indicating the rats were eaten as food. The greater occurrence of rat remains associated with commoner households may indicate the elites of precontact Hawaii did not consume them as a matter of status or taste.
France has several regions where people consume rat. A recipe for grilled rats, Bordeaux-style, calls for the use of alcoholic rats who live in wine cellars. These rats are skinned and eviscerated, brushed with a thick sauce of olive oil and crushed shallots, and grilled over a fire of broken wine barrels.
Rat stew is consumed in American cuisine in the state of West Virginia. In France and Victorian Britain rich people ate rat pie. During , British biologists ate , creamed.
Rat meat is eaten in Vietnamese cuisine.
is a roasted rat dish consumed in Vietnam and Thailand.
Flesh of rat is eaten in .
are an important food source among some peoples in Southeast Asia, and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimated rat meat makes up half the locally produced meat consumed in , where
are farmed and hunted for their meat. African slaves in the American South were known to hunt
(among other animals) to supplement their food rations, and Aborigines along the coast in southern Queensland, Australia, regularly included rats in their diet.
Ricefield rats () have traditionally been used as food in rice-producing regions such as , as immortalized by
in his novel Ca?as y barro. Along with
known as garrafons, rata de marjal (marsh rat) is one of the main ingredients in traditional
(later replaced by rabbit, chicken and seafood). Ricefield rats are also consumed in the Philippines, the
region of , and . In late 2008, Reuters reported the price of rat meat had quadrupled in Cambodia, creating a hardship for the poor who could no longer afford it.
Elsewhere in the world, rat meat is considered diseased and unclean, socially unacceptable, or there are strong religious proscriptions against it.
traditions prohibit it, while both the
of Peru and
of Bolivia have cultural taboos against the eating of rats.
Rats are a common food item for snakes, both in the wild, and as pets. Adult
and , for example, are fed a diet of mostly rats in captivity. Rats are readily available (live or frozen) to individual snake owners, as well as to pet shops and reptile zoos, from many suppliers. In Britain, the government prohibited the feeding of any live mammal to another animal in 2007.[] The rule says the animal must be dead before it is given to the animal to eat. The rule was put into place mainly because of the pressure of the
and people who said the feeding of live animals was cruel.
Rats have been used as working animals. Tasks for working rats include the sniffing of gunpowder residue, , acting and .
Rats have a keen sense of smell and are easy to train. These characteristics have been employed, for example, by the Belgian
, which trains rats (specifically ) to detect
and diagnose
through smell.
Rats can serve as
vectors for certain pathogens and thus spread disease, such as , , , and
infection.
Rodent Bait Station, , India
Rats have long been considered deadly pests. Once considered a modern myth, the
in India has now been verified. Indeed, every fifty years, armies of
descend upon rural areas and devour everything in their path. Rats have long been held up as the chief villain in the spread of the , however recent studies show that they alone could not account for the rapid spread of the disease through Europe in the . Still, the
does list nearly a dozen diseases directly linked to rats. Most urban areas battle rat infestations.
are famous for their size and prevalence. The urban legend that the rat population in Manhattan equals that of its human population (a myth definitively refuted by Robert Sullivan in his book "Rats") speaks volumes about New Yorkers' awareness of the presence, and on occasion boldness and cleverness, of the rodents. New York has specific regulations for getting rid of rats—multi-family residences and commercial businesses must use a specially trained and licensed exterminator. Rats have the ability to swim up sewer pipes into toilets. Rat infestations occur around pipes, behind walls and near garbage cans.
In the United States, cities tend to be breeding grounds for rat infestations and according to a 2015 study by the
(AHS) found that 18% of the homes in Philadelphia found evidence of rodents. This was followed by , , and then
as the cities with the largest rat and mouse problems.
When introduced into locations where rats previously did not exist they can cause an enormous amount of . , the black rat, is considered to be one of the world's worst invasive species. Also known as the ship rat, it has been carried worldwide as a
on sea-going vessels for millennia and has usually accompanied men to any new area visited or settled by human beings by sea. The similar but less aggressive species , the brown rat or wharf rat, has also been carried worldwide by ships in recent centuries.
The ship or wharf rat has contributed to the extinction of many species of wildlife including birds, small mammals, reptiles, invertebrates, and plants, especially on islands. True rats are omnivorous and capable of eating a wide range of plant and animal foods. True rats have a very high . When introduced to a new area, they quickly reproduce to take advantage of the new food supply. In particular, they prey on the eggs and young of forest birds, which on isolated islands often have no other predators and thus have no fear of predators. Some experts believe that rats are to blame for between 40 percent and 60 percent of all seabird and reptile extinctions, with 90 percent of those occurring on islands. Thus man has indirectly caused the extinction of many species by accidentally introducing rats to new areas.
Rats are found in nearly all areas of Earth which are inhabited by human beings. The only rat-free continent is Antarctica, which is too cold for rat survival outdoors, and its lack of human habitation does not provide buildings to shelter them from the weather. However, rats have been introduced to many of the islands near Antarctica, and because of their destructive effect on native flora and fauna, efforts to eradicate them are ongoing. In particular,
(just off rat-infested ), where breeding seabirds could be badly affected if rats were introduced, is subject to special measures and regularly monitored for rat invasions.
As part of
some islands' rat populations have been eradicated to protect or restore the .
was declared rat free after 229 years and
after almost 200 years.
in New Zealand was declared rat free in 1988 after an eradication campaign based on a successful trial on the smaller Hawea Island nearby.
In January 2015 an international "Rat Team" set sail from the
on board a ship carrying three helicopters and 100 tons of rat poison with the objective of "reclaiming the island for its seabirds". Rats have wiped out more than 90% of the seabirds on South Georgia, and the sponsors hope that once the rats are gone, it will regain its former status as home to the greatest concentration of seabirds in the world. The South Georgia Heritage Trust, which organized the mission describes it as "five times larger than any other rodent eradication attempted worldwide". That would be true if it were not for the rat control program in Alberta (see below).
The Canadian province of
(population 4.25 million) is notable for being the largest inhabited area on Earth which is free of true rats due to very aggressive government rat control policies. It has large numbers of native , also called bushy-tailed wood rats, but they are forest-dwelling vegetarians which are much less destructive than true rats.
Alberta was settled relatively late in North American history and only became a province in 1905. Black rats cannot survive in its climate at all, and brown rats must live near people and in their structures to survive the winters. There are numerous predators in Canada's vast natural areas which will eat non-native rats, so it took until 1950 for invading rats to make their way over land from Eastern Canada. Immediately upon their arrival at the eastern border with , the Alberta government implemented an extremely aggressive rat control program to stop them from advancing further. A systematic detection and eradication system was used throughout a control zone about 600 kilometres (400 mi) long and 30 kilometres (20 mi) wide along the eastern border to eliminate rat infestations before the rats could spread further into the province. Shotguns, bulldozers, high explosives, poison gas, and incendiaries were used to destroy rats. Numerous farm buildings were destroyed in the process. Initially, tons of
were spread around thousands of farm yards to poison rats, but soon after the program commenced the
and medical drug
was introduced, which is much safer for people and more effective at killing rats than arsenic.
Forceful government control measures, strong public support and enthusiastic citizen participation continue to keep rat infestations to a minimum. The effectiveness has been aided by a similar but newer program in Saskatchewan which prevents rats from even reaching the Alberta border. Alberta still employs an armed rat patrol to control rats along Alberta's borders. About ten single rats are found and killed per year, and occasionally a large localized infestation has to be dug out with heavy machinery, but the number of permanent rat infestations is zero.
The genus Rattus is a member of the giant subfamily . Several other murine genera are sometimes considered part of Rattus: , , , , , , , , , , , Stenomys, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and .
The genus Rattus proper contains 64 extant . A subgeneric breakdown of the species has been proposed, but does not include all species.
Genus Rattus – Typical rats
(Rattus annandalei) – Indonesia, , and
(Rattus enganus) – Indonesia
(Rattus everetti) – the Philippines
(Rattus exulans) –
and most Polynesian islands, New Zealand, , and
(Rattus hainaldi) – Indonesia
(Rattus hoogerwerfi) – Indonesia
(Rattus korinchi) – Indonesia
+ (Rattus macleari) –
(Rattus montanus) –
(Rattus morotaiensis) – Indonesia
+ (Rattus nativitatis) – Christmas Island
(Rattus ranjiniae) – India
(Rattus sanila)
(Rattus stoicus) –
(Rattus timorensis) –
R. norvegicus group
(Rattus nitidus) – Bangladesh, , China, India, Indonesia, , , , , the Philippines, , and Vietnam
(Rattus norvegicus) – worldwide except Antarctica
(Rattus pyctoris; obs. Rattus turkestanicus) – , China, India, Iran, , , and Pakistan
R. rattus group
(Rattus adustus) – , Indonesia
(Rattus andamanensis) – , , China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam
(Rattus argentiventer) – Southeast Asia
(Rattus baluensis) –
(Rattus blangorum)
(Rattus burrus) – India
(Rattus hoffmanni) – Indonesia
(Rattus koopmani) – Indonesia
(Rattus losea) – China, Laos, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam
(Rattus lugens) – Indonesia
(Rattus mindorensis) – the Philippines
(Rattus mollicomulus) – Indonesia
(Rattus osgoodi) – Vietnam
(Rattus palmarum) – India
(Rattus rattus) – worldwide except Antarctica
(Rattus satarae)
(Rattus simalurensis) – Indonesia
(Rattus tanezumi) – Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, , Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, , South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam
(Rattus tawitawiensis) – the Philippines
(Rattus tiomanicus) – Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand
R. xanthurus group
(Rattus bontanus; obs. Rattus foramineus) – Indonesia
(Rattus marmosurus) – Indonesia
(Rattus pelurus) – Indonesia
(Rattus salocco]) – Indonesia
(Rattus xanthurus) – Indonesia
R. leucopus group (New Guinean group)
(Rattus arfakiensis)
(Rattus arrogans)
(Rattus elaphinus) – Indonesia
(Rattus feliceus) – Indonesia
(Rattus giluwensis) –
(Rattus jobiensis) – Indonesia
(Rattus leucopus) – Australia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea
(Rattus mordax) – Papua New Guinea
(Rattus niobe) – Papua New Guinea, Indonesia
(Rattus novaeguineae) – Papua New Guinea
(Rattus omichlodes)
(Rattus pococki)
(Rattus praetor) – Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and
(Rattus richardsoni) – Indonesia
(Rattus steini) – Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
(Rattus vandeuseni) – Papua New Guinea
(Rattus verecundus) – Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
R. fuscipes group (Australian group)
(Rattus colletti) – Australia
(Rattus fuscipes) – Australia
(Rattus lutreolus) – Australia
(Rattus sordidus) – Australia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea
(Rattus tunneyi) – Australia
(Rattus villosissimus) – Australia
The following phylogeny of selected Rattus species is from Pagès, et al. (2010).
Rattus 
Rattus sp.
did not generally differentiate between rats and mice, instead referring to the former as mus maximus (big mouse) and the latter as mus minimus (little mouse).[]
On the , there is a
against the word "".
Chinese zodiac pendant with 5 rats climbing , bat at top of pendant
The rat (sometimes referred to as a mouse) is the first of the twelve animals of the . People born in this year are expected to possess qualities associated with rats, including creativity, intelligence, honesty, generosity, ambition, a quick temper and wastefulness. People born in a year of the rat are said to get along well with "monkeys" and "dragons", and to get along poorly with "horses".
The indigenous rats are allowed to run freely throughout the .
In Indian tradition, rats are seen as the vehicle of , and a rat's statue is always found in a temple of Ganesh. In the northwestern Indian city of , the rats at the
are held to be destined for
( holy men). The attending priests feed milk and grain to the rats, of which the pilgrims also partake.
European associations with the rat are generally negative. For instance, "Rats!" is used as a substitute for various vulgar
in the English language. These associations do not draw, per se, from any biological or behavioral trait of the rat, but possibly from the association of rats (and ) with the 14th-century medieval plague called the . Rats are seen as vicious, unclean, parasitic animals that steal food and spread disease. However, some people in European cultures keep
and conversely find them to be tame, clean, intelligent, and playful.
Rats are often
activists allege the treatment of rats in this context is cruel. The term "lab rat" is used, typically in a self-effacing manner, to describe a person whose job function requires them to spend a majority of their work time engaged in bench-level research (such as
in the sciences).
Rats are frequently blamed for damaging food supplies and other goods, or spreading disease. Their reputation has carried into common parlance: in the , "rat" is often an insult or is generally used to signify an un it is also used, as the term , to mean an individual who works as a police
or who has turned . Writer/director
created the humorous alias "Ratskywatsky" for a soldier who seduced, impregnated, and abandoned the heroine of his 1944 film, . It is a term ( and ) in criminal slang for an
– "to rat on someone" is to betray them by informing the authorities of a
or misdeed they committed. Describing a person as "rat-like" usually implies he or she is unattractive and suspicious.
Among , the word "rat" is also a term for nonunion employers or breakers of union contracts, and this is why unions use .
was depicted as a rat in a
United States Navy propaganda poster.
Depictions of rats in fiction are historically inaccurate and negative. The most common falsehood is the squeaking almost always heard in otherwise realistic portrayals (i.e. non). While the recordings may be of actual squeaking rats, the noise is uncommon – they may do so only if distressed, hurt, or annoyed. Normal vocalizations are very high-pitched, well outside the range of human hearing. Rats are also often cast in vicious and aggressive roles when in fact, their shyness helps keep them undiscovered for so long in an infested home.
The actual portrayals of rats vary from negative to positive with a majority in the negative and ambiguous. The rat plays a villain in sev from Brian Jacques's
and Robin Jarvis's , to the roles of Disney's
and Kate DiCamillo's
and . They have often been used as a being the titular evil in stories like
or H.P. Lovecraft's
and in films like
and . Another terrifying use of rats is as a method of , for instance in
in George Orwell's
Selfish helpfulness —those willing to help for a price— has also been attributed to fictional rats. Templeton, from E. B. White's , repeatedly reminds the other characters that he is only involved because it means more food for him, and the cellar-rat of John Masefield's
requires bribery to be of any assistance.
By contrast, the rats appearing in the
books tend to be highly positive and likeable characters, many of whom tell their remarkable life stories in the Mouse and Rat Club established by the animal-loving doctor.
Some fictional works use rats as the main characters. Notable examples include the society created by O'Brien's , and others include , and
from . 's 2007 animated film
is about a rat described by
as "earnest... lovable, determined, [and] gifted" who lives with a Parisian garbage-boy-turned-chef.
("My American Uncle"), a 1980 , illustrates 's theories on
by using short sequences in the storyline showing lab rat experiments.
In 's science fiction novel , humans unintentionally introduce rats to the ecology at the home world of an alien race which previously invaded Earth and introduced some of its own fauna into its environment. And
pitted his space-bound protagonist, Commodore Grimes, against giant, intelligent rats who took over several stellar systems and enslaved their human inhabitants. "" is nickname of the (human) protagonist of a series of humorous
written by .
One of the oldest and most historic stories about rats is "The Pied Piper of Hamelin", in which a
leads away an infestation with enchanted music. The piper is later refused payment, so he in turn leads away the town's children. This tale, traced to
around the late 13th century, has inspired adaptations in film, theatre, literature, and even opera. The subject of much research, some theories have intertwined the tale with events related to the , in which
played an important role. Fictional works based on the tale that focus heavily on the rat aspect include Pratchett's , and Belgian graphic novel
(The Ball of the Dead Rat).
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