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1.开始房间等小怪给你开门,然后被xx,左边有个获得“跑步”技能的物品.
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4.C3，柜子上用“探索”魔法，发现“黄钥匙”。
5.B1,用黄钥匙开门进入第二场景
*第一场景的层次比较乱。 第二场景
1.先去D2拿“银针”.
2.有银针之后去C5, 从C5的墙上拿 到“血书”。
3.回到场景1的开始房间，躲到 床下，得到 “蓝钥匙”
4.到D1用蓝钥匙开门进入第三场景
*B1有泉水，可以回满血/体力/SP第三场景
这关就是把boss引远点一，然后走走蹲蹲的躲触*^&手小怪。
*去B3，有一个开关可以开，能打开D3通D4的门。
*去D1引BOSS, 然后D1-&D2，D2很多小怪，都躲过了就通关了。
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保存至快速回贴From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Satanic Verses controversy
Salman Rushdie, the author of the novel
Ayatollah Khomeini,
who issued the fatwa
The Satanic Verses controversy, also known as the Rushdie Affair, was the heated and frequently violent reaction of
to the publication of 's novel , which was first published in the United Kingdom in 1988. Many Muslims accused Rushdie of
or unbelief and in 1989 the Ayatollah
of Iran issued a
ordering Muslims to kill Rushdie. Numerous killings, attempted killings, and bombings resulted from Muslim anger over the novel.
backed the fatwa against Rushdie until 1998, when the succeeding government of Iranian President
said it no longer supported the killing of Rushdie. However, the fatwa remains in place.
The issue was said to have divided "Muslim from Westerners along the fault line of culture," and to have pitted a core Western value of —that no one "should be killed, or face a serious threat of being killed, for what they say or write"—against the view of many Muslims—that no one should be free to "insult and malign Muslims" by disparaging the "honour of the Prophet" . English writer
called the fatwa "one of the most significant events in postwar literary history."
Even before the publication of The Satanic Verses, the books of Salman Rushdie had stoked controversy. Rushdie himself saw his role as a writer "as including the function of antagonist to the state". His second book
because it seemed to suggest "that Mrs. Gandhi was responsible for the death of
through neglect". His 1983
"took an aim on Pakistan, its political characters, its culture and its religion... [It covered] a central episode in Pakistan's internal life, which portrays as a family squabble between Iskander Harappa () and his successor and executioner Raza Hyder ()... 'The Virgin Ironpants'... has been identified as , a Prime Minister of Pakistan".
Positions Rushdie took as a committed leftist prior to the publishing of his book were the source of some controversy. He defended many of those who would later attack him during the controversy. Rushdie forcefully denounced the 's government and supported the , at least in its early stages. He condemned the
but found himself threatened by 's leader
three years later. He wrote a book bitterly critical of
in general and its
in particular, for example calling the , "the bandit posing as sheriff". After the Ayatollah's fatwa however, he was accused by Iranian government of being "an inferior
agent". A few years earlier, an official jury appointed by a ministry of the Iranian Islamic government had bestowed an award on the
translation of Rushdie's book Shame, which up until then was the only time a government had awarded Rushdie's work a prize.
Further information:
"[V]ehement protest against Rushdie's book" began with the title itself. The title refers to a legend of the Prophet , when a few verses were supposedly spoken by him as part of the , and then withdrawn on the grounds that
had sent them to deceive Mohammad into thinking they came from . These "" are found in verses eighteen to twenty-two in suraht An-Najim of the Qur'an, and by accounts from Tabari, but is seldom mentioned in the first biography of Mohammad by . The verses also appear in other accounts of the prophet's life. They permitted prayer to three pre-Islamic
goddesses: , , and —a violation of . The utterance and withdrawal of the so-called Satanic Verses forms an important sub-plot in the novel, which recounts several episodes in the life of Muhammad. The phrase Arab historians and later Muslims used to describe the incident of the withdrawn verses was not "Satanic verses", but the gharaniq the phrase 'Satanic verses' was unknown to Muslims, and was coined by Western academics specialising in the . The story itself is not found in the six Sahih of the sunni, the shiite sources or in the authentic books, so much so that Muraghi, in his commentary, says: "These traditions are undoubtedly a fabrication of the heretics and foreign hands, and have not been found in any of the authentic books"... According to Daniel Pipes, when attention was drawn to a book with this title, "Muslims found [it] incredibly sacrilegious", and took it to imply that the book's author claimed that verses of the Qur'an were "the work of the Devil".
According to Anthony McRoy, other controversial elements included the use of the name , said to be a derogatory term for Muhammad used by the E the use of the term Jahilia, denoting the 'time of ignorance' before Islam, f the use of the name of the
(Gabriel) for a film star, of the name of , the great Muslim hero of the Crusades, for a devil, and the name of
the wife of Muhammad for a fanatical Indian girl who leads her village on a fatal pilgrimage. Moreover, the brothel of the city of
was staffed by prostitutes with the same names as , who are viewed by Muslims as ''.
Other issues many Muslims have found offensive include
being called a "bastard" for casting and a character named Salman the Persian who serves as one of the Prophet's scribes, an apparent reference to the story, controversial among Muslims, of a Meccan convert by the name of , who left Islam after the Prophet failed to notice small changes he had made in the dictation of the Qur'an.[]
identified other more general issues in the book likely to have angered pious Muslims: A complaint in the book by one of Mahound's companions: "rules about every damn thing, if a man farts let him turn his face to the wind, a rule about which hand to use for the purpose of cleaning one's behind ...", which was said to mix up "Islamic law with its opposite and with the author's whimsy"; the prophet of Rushdie's novel, as he lies dying, being visited in a dream by the Goddess , on the grounds that this suggested either that she exists or that the pro the angel Gibreel's vision of the Supreme Being in another dream as "not abstract in the least. He saw, sitting on the bed, a man of about the same age as himself", balding, wearing glasses and "seeming to suffer from dandruff". A complaint by one of the characters about communal violence in India: "Fact is, religious faith, which encodes the highest aspirations of human race, is now, in our country, the servant of lowest instincts, and God is the creature of evil".
newspaper published on 14 September 2012 a series of recollections of various British people involved in the controversy. Lisa Appagnesi, ex-president of English , observed "Intransigence is never so great as when it feels it has a god on its side." One of the lawyers involved,
, rehearsed the arguments and replies made when 13 Muslim
had lodged a formal indictment against Rushdie for the crime of : it was said that God was described in the book as "the Destroyer of Man", yet he is described as such in the
and the , especially of men who are unbelievers or enemies of the J that the book contained criticisms of the prophet Abraham, yet the Islamic, Christian and Jewish traditions themselves see Abraham as not without fault and de that Rushdie referred to Mohammed as "Mahound", a conjurer, a magician and a false prophet, yet these remarks are made by a drunken apostate, a character with whom neither reader nor aut that the book insults the wives of the Prophet by having whores use their names, yet the wives are explicitly said to be chaste and the adoption of their names by whores is to symbolise the corruption of the city then being described (perhaps symbolising Mecca in its pre-Islamic state); that the book vilified the companions of the Prophet, calling them "bums from Persia" and "clowns", yet the character saying this is a hack poet hired to write propaganda against the Prophet and does not reflect the author' that the book criticised Islam for having too many rules and seeking to control every aspect of life, yet while characters in the book do make such remarks these cannot constitute blasphemy since they do not vilify God or the Prophet. This case led to the abolition of the crime of blasphemy in English law.
Before the publication of The Satanic Verses, the publisher received "warnings from the publisher's editorial consultant" that the book might be controversial. Later, Rushdie would reflect upon the time that the book was about to be published. Speaking to an interviewer, he said, "I expected a few
would be offended, call me names, and then I could defend myself in public... I honestly never expected anything like this".
The Satanic Verses was published by
on 26 September 1988. Upon its publication the book garnered considerable critical acclaim in the United Kingdom. On 8 November 1988, the work received the
for novel of the year, worth ?20,000. According to one observer, "almost all the British book reviewers" were unaware of the book's connection to Islam because Rushdie has used the name Mahound instead of Muhammad for his chapter on Islam.
In Islamic communities, the novel became instantly controversial, because of what some Muslims considered
references. Rushdie was accused of misusing freedom of speech. By October 1988, letters and phone calls arrived at Viking Penguin from Muslims, angry with the book and demanding that it be withdrawn. Before the end of the month, the import of the book was
in India, although possession of the book is not a criminal offence.
In November 1988, it was also banned in , , and South Africa.
In Britain on 2 December
Muslims in the town of
staged the first ever demonstration against the Satanic Verses. After the Friday prayers, a certain section of the congregation marched from the Zakariyya Jame Masjid to the town centre and then burned the book. The organisers claimed "It was a peaceful protest, and we burned the book to try and attract public attention".
By December 1988, it was also banned in . March 1989 saw it banned in , Thailand, , Indonesia, and Singapore.
gained international attention in January 1989 when some of its members organised a public book-burning of The Satanic Verses, evoking as the journalist
recalled "images of medieval (not to mention Nazi) intolerance".
The last nation to ban the book was , in June 1989.
In the United States, the
was notified of 78 threats to bookstores in early March 1989, thought to be a small proportion of the total number of threats.
bookstore chain received 30 threats in less than three hours. Bombings of book stores included two in . In New York, the office of a community newspaper, , was all but destroyed by firebombs following the publication of an editorial defending the right to read the novel and criticising the bookstores that pulled it from their shelves. But the United Kingdom was the country where violence against bookstores occurred most often and persisted the longest. Two large bookstores in
Road, London, ( and ) were bombed on 9 April. In May, explosions went off in the town of
and again in London, on . Other bombings included one at a large London department store (), in connection with the Penguin Bookshop inside the store, and at the Penguin store in . Unexploded devices were found at Penguin stores in , , and .[]
In the United States, it was unavailable in about one-third of bookstores. In many others that carried the book, it was kept under the counter.
Fatwa by Ayatollah Khomeini[]
While there was already a considerable amount of protest by Muslims in the first months after the book's publishing, the
, the , created a major international incident.
On 14 February 1989, Ayatollah Khomeini, a
Muslim leader, issued a
calling for the death of Rushdie and his publishers. Khomeini is thought to have issued the fatwa after hearing about a 10,000-strong protest against Rushdie and his book in Islamabad, Pakistan, where six protesters were killed in an attack on the American Cultural Center.
Broadcast on Iranian radio, the judgement read:
". I am informing all brave Muslims of the world that the author of The Satanic Verses, a text written, edited, and published against Islam, the Prophet of Islam, and the Qur'an, along with all the editors and publishers aware of its contents, are condemned to death. I call on all valiant Muslims wherever they may be in the world to kill them without delay, so that no one will dare insult the sacred beliefs of Muslims henceforth. And whoever is killed in this cause will be a martyr, Allah Willing. Meanwhile if someone has access to the author of the book but is incapable of carrying out the execution, he should inform the people so that [Rushdie] is punished for his actions. Rouhollah al-Mousavi al-Khomeini."
Although Khomeini did not give the legal reasoning for his judgement, it is thought to be based on the ninth chapter of the Qur'an, called , verse 61: "Some of them hurt the prophet by saying, 'He is all ears!' Say, 'It is better for you that he listens to you. He believes in God, and trusts the believers. He is a mercy for those among you who believe.' Those who hurt God's messenger have incurred a painful retribution".
Several days after the fatwa was declared Iranian officials offered a bounty for the killing of Rushdie, who was thus forced to live under police protection for the next nine years. On 7 March 1989, the
over the Rushdie controversy.
Taking a cue from Iranian Supreme Leader
(a former "favourite pupil" and long-time lieutenant of Khomeini), who suggested that if Rushdie "apologises and disowns the book, people may forgive him", Rushdie issued "a carefully worded statement" regretting,
profoundly the distress the publication has occasioned to the sincere followers of Islam. Living as we do in a world of many faiths, this experience has served to remind us that we must all be conscious of the sensibilities of others.
This "was relayed to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tehran via official channels before being released to the press".
On 19 February Khomeini's office replied
The imperialist foreign media falsely alleged that the officials of the Islamic Republic have said the sentence of death on the author of The Satanic Verses will be retracted if he repents. Imam Khomeini has said:
This is denied 100%. Even if Salman Rushdie repents and become the most pious man of all time, it is incumbent on every Muslim to employ everything he has got, his life and wealth, to send him to Hell.
The Imam added:
If a non-Muslim becomes aware of Rushdie's whereabouts and has the ability to execute him quicker than Muslims, it is incumbent on Muslims to pay a reward or a fee in return for this action.
Author and scholar on Islam Anthony McRoy said that Khomeini's interpretation of the Islamic law that led him to refuse the apology follows the same line of reasoning as the eighth- and ninth-century Muslim jurist . In
(Maliki Manual) 37.19 Crimes Against Islam, Shafi'i ruled that an "apostate is also killed unless he repents... Whoever abuses the Messenger of God ... is to be executed, and his repentance is not accepted".
In Britain, the
issued a statement offering its services to Khomeini. Despite incitement to murder being illegal in the United Kingdom, one London property developer told reporters, "If I see him, I will kill him straight away. Take my name and address. One day I will kill him".
Other leaders, while supporting the fatwa, claimed that British Muslims were not allowed to carry out the fatwa themselves.[] Prominent amongst these were the
and its leader , and after his death in 1996, his successor, . His support for the fatwa continued, even after the Iranian leadership said it would not pursue the fatwa, and re-iterated his support in 2000.
Meanwhile, in America, the director of the
at , , told an interviewer that Khomeini was "completely within his rights" to call for Rushdie's death.
Main article:
In May 1989 in , British citizen
was abducted "in response to Iran's fatwa against Salman Rushdie for the publication of book the Satanic Verses and more specifically, for his refuge and protection in the United Kingdom". He joined several Westerners
there. Two months earlier a photograph of three teachers held hostage was released by
with the message that it "would take revenge against" all institutions and organisations that insulted in one way or another "members of the Prophet Mohammed's family". The Iranian supported
political party and militia
is considered to be the actual perpetrator of the kidnappings.[]
claimed that "In Islamic society a blasphemer is held in the same hostile contempt as a pedophile in the West. Just as few if any people in the West mourn the murder of a child molester, few Muslims mourn the killing of a blasphemer".
Khomeini's fatwa was condemned across the Western world by governments[] on the grounds that it violated the universal human rights of , , and that Khomeini had no right to condemn to death a citizen of another country living in that country.[]
In addition to criticism of the death sentence on the basis of humans rights, the sentence was also criticised on Islamic grounds. According to , a death warrant without trial,
and other legal aspects of
violates Islamic jurisprudence. In Islamic ,
by a mentally sound adult male is indeed a . However, fiqh also:
... lays down procedures according to which a person accused of an offense is to be brought to trial, , and given the opportunity to defend himself. A judge will then give a verdict and if he finds the accused guilty, pronounce sentence... Even the most rigorous and extreme of the classical jurist only require a Muslim to kill anyone who insults the Prophet in his hearing and in his presence. They say nothing about a hired killing for a reported insult in a distant country.
Other Islamic scholars outside Iran took issue with the fact that the sentence was not passed by an Islamic court, or that it did not limit its "jurisdiction only [to] countries under Islamic law". Muhammad Hussan ad-Din, a theologian at , argued "Blood must not be shed except after a trial [when the accused has been] given a chance to defend himself and repent". Abdallah al-Mushidd, head of Azhar's Fatwā Council stated "We must try the author in a legal fashion as Islam does not accept killing as a legal instrument".
The Islamic Jurisprudence Academy in Mecca urged that Rushdie be tried and, if found guilty, be given a chance to repent, (p. 93) and Ayatollah , head of the Shi'i community in Europe and a cousin of Khomeini, criticised Khomeini for 'respect[ing] neither international law nor that of Islam.'
There was also criticism of the fatwa issued against Rushdie's publishers. According to Daniel Pipes: "The
clearly establishes that disseminating false information is not the same as expressing it. "Transmitting blasphemy is not blasphemy" (naql al-kufr laysa kufr). In addition, the publishers were not Muslim and so could not be "sentenced under the Islamic laws of apostasy". If there was another legal justification for sentencing them to death, "Khomeini failed to provide" it.
The Islamic Republic's response to calls for a trial was to denounce its Islamic proponents as "deceitful". President Khomeini accused them of attempting to use religious law as "a flag under which they can crush revolutionary Islam".
Some speculate that the fatwa (or at least the reaffirmation of the death threat four days later) was issued with motives other than a sense of duty to protect Islam by punishing blasphemy/apostasy. Namely:
To divide Muslims from the West by "starkly highlight[ing] the conflicting political and intellectual traditions" of the two civilisations. Khomeini had often warned Muslims of the dangers of the West – "the agents of imperialism [who] are busy in every corner of the Islamic world drawing our youth away from us with their evil propaganda". He knew from news reports the book was already rousing the anger of Muslims.
To distract the attention of his Iranian countrymen from his capitulation seven months earlier to a truce with
(20 July 1988) ending the long and bloody
(a truce Iraq would have eagerly given him six years and hundreds of thousands of lives earlier), and strengthen the revolutionary ardour and morale of Iranians worn down by the bloodshed and privation of that war. According to journalist Robin Wright, "as the international furore grew, Khomeini declared that the book had been a 'godsend' that had helped Iran out of a 'na?ve foreign policy'".
To win back the interest in and support for the
among the 90% of the population of the Muslim world that was , rather than
like Khomeini. The Iran–Iraq War had also alienated Sunni, who not only were offended by its bloodshed, but tended to favour Iran's Sunni-led opponent, Iraq. At least one observer speculated that Khomeini's choice of the issue of disrespect for the Prophet
was a particularly shrewd tactic, as Sunni were inclined to suspect Shia of being more interested in the Imams
than in the Prophet.
To steal the thunder of Khomeini's two least favourite enemy states,
and the United States, who were basking in the glory of the . This withdrawal, seen by many as a great victory of Islamic faith over an atheist superpower, was made possible by billions of dollars in aid to the Afghan mujahideen by those two countries. Khomeini issued the fatwa on 14 February 1989. The next day came the official announcement of the completion of the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, lost in the news cycle of the fatwa.
To gain the upper hand from Saudi Arabia in the struggle for international leadership of the Muslim world. Each led rival blocs of international institutions and media networks, and "the Saudi government, it should be remembered, had led the anti-Rushdie campaign for months". Unlike the more conservative Saudi Arabia, however, Iran was ideologically and militantly anti-western and could take a more militant stand outside international law.
Despite claims by Islamic Republic officials that "Rushdie's book did not insult Iran or Iranian leaders" and so they had no selfish personal motivation to attack the book, the book does include an eleven-page sketch of Khomeini's stay in Paris that could well be considered an insult to him. It describes him as having "grown monstrous, lying in the palace forecourt with his mouth yawni as the people march through the gates he swallows them whole". In the words of one observer, "If this is not an insult, Khomeini was far more tolerant than one might suppose",
has noted that the section of the book depicting the Khomeini-like character was selected to be read publicly by Rushdie in the promotional events leading up to and following the book's release. In Crowley's opinion, the fatwa was most likely declared because of this section of the novel and its public exposure, rather than the overall parodic treatment of Islam.
On 24 September 1998, as a precondition to the restoration of
with Britain, the Iranian government, then headed by moderate , gave a public commitment that it would "neither support nor hinder assassination operations on Rushdie". However, some in Iran have continued to reaffirm the death sentence. In early 2005, Khomeini's fatwa was reaffirmed by Iran's Supreme Leader, , in a message to Muslim pilgrims making the
to . Additionally, the
have declared that the death sentence on him is still valid. Iran has rejected requests to withdraw the fatwa on the basis that only the person who issued it may withdraw it, with Ruhollah Khomeini having died in 1989.
On 14 February 2006, the
reported that the fatwa will remain in place permanently.
Salman Rushdie reported that he still receives a "sort of 's card" from Iran each year on 14 February letting him know the country has not forgotten the vow to kill him. He was also quoted saying, "It's reached the point where it's a piece of rhetoric rather than a real threat".
One of the immediate consequences of the fatwa was a worsening of Islamic-Western relations.
Rushdie lamented that the controversy fed the Western stereotype of "the backward, cruel, rigid Muslim, burning books and threatening to kill the blasphemer", while another British writer compared the Ayatollah Khomeini "with a familiar ghost from the past – one of those villainous Muslim clerics, a
or a , who used to be portrayed, larger than life, in popular histories of the British Empire". Media expressions of this included a banner headline in the popular British newspaper the
referring to Khomeini as "that Mad Mullah".
The Independent newspaper worried that Muslim book burning demonstrations were "following the example of the
and 's ", and that if Rushdie was killed, "it would be the first burning of a
in Europe in two centuries".
of the Sunday Telegraph feared that with , " is rapidly growing into a much bigger threat of violence and intolerance than anything emanating from, say, and a threat, moreover, infinitely more difficult to contain since it is virtually impossible to monitor, let alone stamp out ...".
On the Muslim side, the Iranian government saw the book as part of a British
against Islam. It broke diplomatic relations with UK on 7 March 1989 giving the explanation that "in the past two centuries Britain has been in the frontline of plots and treachery against Islam and Muslims", It accused the British of sponsoring Rushdie's book to use it as a political and cultural tact on earlier military plots that no longer worked. It also saw itself as the victor of the controversy, with the European Community countries capitulating under Iranian pressure. "When Europeans saw that their economic interests in Muslim countries could be damaged, they began to correct their position on the issue of the insulting book. Every official started to condemn the book in one way or another. When they realised that Iran's reaction, its breaking of diplomatic relations with London, could also include them, they quickly sent back their ambassadors to Tehran to prevent further Iranian reaction".
edition of 's
Although British bookseller
sold "a mere hundred copies a week of the book in mid-January 1989", it "flew off the shelves" following the fatwa. In America it sold an "unprecedented" five times more copies than the number two book, Star by , selling more than 750,000 copies of the book by May 1989. B. Dalton, a bookstore chain that decided not to stock the book for security reasons, changed its mind when it found the book "was selling so fast that even as we tried to stop it, it was flying off the shelves". Rushdie earned about $2 million within the first year of the book's publication, and the book is Viking's all-time best seller.
The author of the book himself was not killed or injured as many militants wished, but visibly frustrated by a life locked in 24-hour armed guard – alternately defiant against his would-be killers and attempting overtures of reconciliation against the death threat. A week after the death threat, and after his unsuccessful apology to the Iranian government, Rushdie described succumbing to "a curious lethargy, the soporific torpor that overcomes ... while under attack"; then, a couple of weeks after that, wrote a poem vowing "not to shut up" but "to sing on, in spite of attacks". But in June, following the death of Khomeini, he asked his supporters "to tone down their criticism of Iran".
His wife, , reported that in the first few months following the fatwa the couple moved 56 times, once every three days. In late July Rushdie separated from Wiggins, "the tension of being at the center of an international controversy, and the irritations of spending all hours of the day together in seclusion", being too much for their "shaky" relationship.
Late the next year Rushdie declared, "I want to reclaim my life", and in December signed a declaration "affirming his Islamic faith and calling for Viking-Penguin, the publisher of The Satanic Verses, neither to issue the book in paperback nor to allow it to be translated". This also failed to move supporters of the fatwa and by mid-2005 Rushdie was condemning
... project of
and unreason which wishes to freeze a certain view of Islamic culture in time and silence the progressive voices in the Muslim world calling for a free and prosperous future. ... along comes , and now many people say that, in hindsight, the fatwa was the prologue and this is the main event.
A memoir of his years of hiding, entitled , was published on 18 September 2012. Joseph Anton was Rushdie's secret alias.
The passionate international rage of Muslims towards the book surprised many Western readers because the book was written in English, not , ,
or other languages for which the majority of mother tongue speakers are M it was never published or even sold in the countries where most M and was a work of fiction—a demanding, densely written novel unlikely to appeal to the average reader.
Some of the explanations for the unprecedented rage unleashed against the book were that:
The Satanic Verses was seen as a continuation of the long tradition of anti-Islamic sentiment in Western literature, portraying the core subject matter of the Prophet Muhammad and Islam in a derogatory manner
Rushdie was living in the West and ought to be setting a good example for Islam and not siding "with the Orientalists".
The view of many Muslims was that "Rushdie has portrayed the prophet of Islam as a brothel keeper".[ – ] "Rushdie accuses the prophet, particularly Muhammad of being like prostitutes". "all who pray are sons of whores" "The Prophet's wives are portrayed as women of the street, his homes as a public brothel and his companions as bandits". The book, in fact, portrays prostitutes who "had each assumed the identity of one of Mahound's wives".
Belief that fictional elements of the novel were not flights of imagination but lies. Complaints included that it was "neither a critical appraisal nor a piece of historical research", that the novel failed to rely on "scientific and logical arguments", its "lack of scientific, accurate or objective methods of research", "unfounded lies", not being "serious or scientific", "a total distortion of historical facts", being "not at all an objective or scientific opinion".
Unfamiliarity with the concept of free speech. The belief among many Muslims in or from the Middle East is that every country "has ... laws that prohibits any publications or utterances that tend to ridicule or defame Islam". It followed that permission to publish a book that ridiculed or defamed Islam showed an anti-Islamic bias in those countries that permit publication. Although not enforced, and abolished completely in 2008, the United Kingdom had
The view of many Muslims that Britain, America and other Western countries are engaged in a
and what might on the surface appear to be the product of the imagination of an individual iconoclast author was actually a conspiracy on a national or transnational scale. Then Iranian president , for example, explained the alleged historical roots of the Rushdie book in a broadcast on Radio Tehran:
Whoever is familiar with the history of colonialism and the Islamic world knows that whenever they wanted to get a foothold in a place, the first thing they did in order to clear their paths – whether overtly or covertly – was to undermine the people's genuine Islamic morals.
and claimed an unnamed British foreign secretary once told the British parliament, "So long as the Qur'an is revered by Muslims, we will not be able to consolidate a foothold among the Muslims".
Campaign by the international Islamist group
in retaliation for Rushdie's satire of them in an earlier book . In Britain the group was represented by the UK Action Committee on Islamic Affairs".
Among second generation Muslim immigrants in UK and elsewhere, a decline in interest in universalist "white Left" anti-racist/anti-imperialist politics, and rise in
with its focus on the "defense of values and beliefs" of Muslim identity.
Despite passionate intensity of Muslim feeling on the issue no Western government banned The Satanic Verses. This is primarily because most Western governments explicitly or implicitly allow for freedom of expression, which includes forbidding censorship in the vast majority of cases. Western attitudes regarding freedom of expression differ from those in the Arab world because:
Westerners are less likely to be shocked by ridicule of religious figures. "Taboo and sacrilege are virtually dead in the West. Blasphemy is an old story and can no longer shock". Examples of movies and books that aroused little or no protest in the west despite their blasphemy: 's , which turned "Biblical stories into pornographic fare"; Even , a book that was not only offensive and untrue but arguably very dangerous, having inspired killing of Jews in Russia and contributed to Nazi ideology, was "freely available in the west".
The idea widely accepted among writers that provocation in literature is not a right but is a duty, an important calling: "it is perhaps in the nature of modern art to be offensive ... in this century if we are not willing to risk giving offence, we have no claim to the title of artists". Rushdie himself said: "I had spent my entire life as a writer in opposition, and indeed conceived the writer's role as including the function of antagonist to the state".
The last point also explains why one of the few groups to speak out in Muslim countries against Khomeini and for Rushdie's right to publish his book were other writers. Nobel prize winners
of Nigeria and
of Egypt, both attacked Khomeini, and both received death threats as a result, with Mahfouz later getting stabbed in the back by a Muslim fundamentalist.
Some Western politicians and writers did criticise Rushdie. Former United States president , while condemning the threats and
against Rushdie, stated, "we have tended to promote him and his book with little acknowledgment that it is a direct insult to those millions of Moslems whose sacred beliefs have been violated and are suffering in restrained silence the added embarrassment of the Ayatollah's irresponsibility". He also held that Rushdie must have been aware of the response his book would evoke: "The author, a well-versed analyst of Moslem beliefs, must have anticipated a horrified reaction throughout the Islamic world". He saw a need to be "sensitive to the concern and anger" of Muslims and thought severing diplomatic relations with Iran would be an "overreaction".
Among authors,
was scathing and called Rushdie's book sensationalist and Rushdie "a dangerous opportunist".
thought the death sentence to be outrageous, but he also criticised Rushdie's action: "I don't think it is given to any of us to be impertinent to great religions with impunity", although he later expressed regret over his dispute with Rushdie. Rushdie however was supported by major bodies in the literary world such as
and , and prominent figures such as , , ,
and . Another major supporter of Rushdie, , said that the fatwa persuaded him that Islamic fundamentalism was an urgent menace, and later wrote , a polemic against religion. The affair however led to greater caution and some degree of self-censorship when dealing with Islamic issues in the literary and other creative arts.
Many religious figures in the United States and United Kingdom shared the aversion to blasphemy of pious Muslims (if not as intensely) and did not defend Rushdie like their secular compatriots. The , , demanded that the government expand the
to cover other religions, including Islam.
Michael Walzer wrote that the response revealed an evolution of the
it moved away from a crime against God and toward something more temporal.
Today we are concerned for our pain and sometimes, for other people's. Blasphemy has become an offence against the faithful – in much the same way as pornography is an offence against the innocent and the virtuous. Given this meaning, blasphemy is an ecumenical crime and so it is not surprising ... that Christians and Jews should join Muslims in calling Salman Rushdie's [book] a blasphemous book.
Some , such as ,
of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth, opposed the book's publishing.
26 September 1988: The novel is published in the UK.
, while reviewing the book in Illustrated Weekly, proposed a ban on "Satanic Verses", apprehending the reaction it may evoke among people.
5 October 1988: India bans the novel's importation, after Indian parliamentarian and editor of the monthly magazine
petitioned the government of
to ban the book. In 1993 Syed Shahabuddin tried unsuccessfully to ban another book ('s "Hindu View of Christianity and Islam").
October 1988: Death threats against Rushdie compel him to cancel trips and sometimes take a bodyguard. Letter writing campaign to Viking Press in America brings "tens of thousands of menacing letters".
20 October 1988: Union of Muslim Organisations of the UK writes the British government pressing for a ban of The Satanic Verse on grounds of blasphemy.
21 November 1988: Grand sheik of Egypt's Al-Azhar calls on Islamic organisations in Britain to take legal action to prevent the novel's distribution
24 November 1988: The novel is banned in South Africa and P bans follow within weeks in , Egypt, , , , , Indonesia, and .
2 December 1988: First book burning of The Satanic Verses in UK. 7000 Muslims attend rally burning the book in Bolton, though the event is barely noticed by the media.
14 January 1989: A copy of the book burned in Bradford. Extensive media coverage and debate. Some support from non-Muslims.
January 1989:
demands that
apologise, withdraw the novel, destroy any extant copies, and never reprint it.
12 February 1989: Six people are killed and 100 injured when 10,000 attack the American Cultural Center in
protesting against Rushdie and his book.
13 February 1989: One person is killed and over 100 injured in anti-Rushdie riots in Srinagar, .
14 February 1989:
issues a fatwa calling on all Muslims to execute all those involved in the publ the 15
Foundation, an Iranian religious foundation or , offers a reward of $US1 million or 200 million rials for the murder of Rushdie.
16 February 1989: Various armed Islamist groups, such as Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corp and Hezbollah of Lebanon, express their enthusiasm to "carry out the Imam's decree". Rushdie enters the protection programme of the British government.
17 February 1989: Iranian leader
says Rushdie could be pardoned if he apologises.
17 February 1989: Book store chains including B. Dalton, , , and Coles Book Stores say that they will no longer sell the book.
18 February 1989: Rushdie apologises just as Kh initially,
(the official Iranian news agency) says Rushdie's statement "is generally seen as sufficient enough to warrant his pardon".
19 February 1989: Khomeini issues edict saying no apology or contrition by Rushdie could lift his death sentence.
22 February 1989: The novel is published in the USA; major bookstore chains
and , under threat, remove the novel from one-third of the nation's bookstores.
24 February 1989: Iranian businessman offers a $3 million bounty for the death of Rushdie.[]
24 February 1989: Twelve people die and 40 are wounded when a large anti-Rushdie riot in Bombay, , India starts to cause considerable property damage and police open fire.
28 February 1989: Bookstores, including Cody's and
in , USA, are firebombed for selling the novel.
28 February 1989: : The offices of the , a weekly newspaper in , is destroyed by firebombs. A caller to 911 says the bombing was in retaliation for an editorial defending the right to read the novel and criticising the chain stores that stopped selling it.
7 March 1989: Iran breaks diplomatic relations with Britain.
March 1989: Independent book stores including Cody's in , USA and Powell's in , USA continue to sell the book.
March 1989: The
calls on its 46 member governments to prohibit the novel. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar sets the punishment for possession of the book as three years in prison and a fine of $2,500; in Malaysia, three years in prison and a fine of $7,400; in Indonesia, a month in prison or a fine. The only nation with a predominantly Muslim population where the novel remains legal is Turkey. Several nations with large Muslim minorities, including Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Tanzania, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, also impose penalties for possessing the novel.
May 1989: Popular musician Yusuf Islam (formerly known as ) indicates his support for the fatwa and states during a British television documentary, according to the New York Times, that if Rushdie shows up at his door, he "might ring somebody who might do more damage to him than he would like... I'd try to phone the Ayatollah Khomeini and tell him exactly where this man is". Yusuf Islam later denied giving support to the fatwa. For more on this topic see
to 20,000 Muslims gather in Parliament Square in London burning Rushdie in effigy and calling for the novel's banning.
3 June 1989: Khomeini dies.
31 July 1989: The BBC broadcasts 's
in which Harrison defends Rushdie by likening him to , ,
Following the broadcast of his film-poem, Harrison published a poem titled The Satanic Verses in
in which he wrote:
I shall not cease from mental strife
nor shall my pen sleep in my hand
till Rushdie has a right to life
and books aren't burned or banned
A man using the alias Mustafa Mahmoud Mazeh accidentally blew himself up along with two floors of a central London hotel while preparing a bomb intended to kill Rushdie in 1989.
och , members of the
(which awards the ), stopped participating in the Academy's work in protest at the Academy's refusal to support an appeal to the
in support for Rushdie.
1990: Rushdie apologises to Muslims.
1990: Rushdie publishes an essay on Khomeini's death, "In Good Faith", to appease his critics and issues an apology in which he seems to reaffirm his respect for I however, Iranian clerics do not retract the fatwa.
1990: Five bombings target bookstores in England.
24 December 1990: Rushdie signs a declaration affirming his Islamic faith and calls for Viking-Penguin, the publisher of The Satanic Verses, neither to issue the book in paperback nor to allow it to be translated.
11 July 1991: , the novel's Japanese translator, and Ettore Capriolo, its Italian translator, is seriously wounded.
2 July 1993: Thirty-seven Turkish intellectuals and locals participating in the
Literary Festival die when the conference hotel in , is burnt down by a mob of radical . Participating in the conference was , who had previously announced that he was going to get the book translated and published. The mob demanded he be handed over for summary execution. The mob set the hotel alight when Nesin was not turned over. Nesin escaped the fire and survived.
11 August 1993: Rushdie makes a rare public appearance at 's concert in Wembley Stadium on their
in London. , donned as stage character/devil Mr. MacPhisto, placed a call to Rushdie only to find himself face to face with Rushdie on stage. Rushdie told Bono that "real devils don't wear horns".
October 1993: The novel's Norwegian publisher, , is shot and seriously injured.
1993: The 15 Khordad Foundation in Iran raises the reward for Rushdie's murder to $300,000.
9 June 1994: Rushdie takes part in an episode recording of the 's satirical news quiz , which is broadcast the following evening. Rushdie later claimed that his son was more impressed at this than anything else he had ever done. According to comedian , one of the programme's regular participants, Rushdie was only given permission to appear by the police on account of his protection officers being fans of the show. To ensure Rushdie's safety, his appearance was given zero pre-publicity. Official listings advertised a return appearance for The Tub of Lard (a famous substitute 'guest' for
in a previous edition of the show).
26 August 1995: Interview with Rushdie published where Rushdie tells interviewer
that his attempt to appease extremists by affirming his Islamic faith and calling for the withdrawal of Satanic Verses was "biggest mistake of my life".
1997: The bounty is doubled, to $600,000.
1998: Iranian government publicly declares that it will "neither support nor hinder assassination operations on Rushdie". This is announced as part of a wider agreement to normalise relations between Iran and the United Kingdom. Rushdie subsequently declares that he will stop living in hiding, and that he is not, in fact, religious. According to some of Iran's leading clerics, despite the death of Khomeini and the Iranian government's official declaration, the fatwa remains in force. Iran's foreign minister Kamal Kharazi stated,
"The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran has no intention, nor is it going to take any action whatsoever, to threaten the life of the author of 'The Satanic Verses' or anybody associated with his work, nor will it encourage or assist anybody to do so".
1999: An Iranian foundation places a $2.8 million bounty on Rushdie's life.
14 February 1999: on the tenth anniversary of the ruling against Rushdie, more than half of the deputies in (Iranian) Parliament sign a statement declaring, "The verdict on Rushdie, the blasphemer, is death, both today and tomorrow, and to burn in hell for all eternity".
14 February 2000: Ayatollah Hassan Saneii, the head of the 15th of Khordad Foundation, reiterates that the death sentence remains valid and the foundation's $2.8 million reward will be paid with interest to Rushdie's assassins. Persians take this news with some scepticism as the foundation is "widely known" to be bankrupt.
January 2002: South Africa lifts its ban on the Satanic Verses.
16 February 2003: Iran's Revolutionary Guards reiterate the call for the assassination of Rushdie. As reported by the , "Ayatollah Hassan Saneii, head of the semi-official Khordad Foundation that has placed a $2.8 million bounty on Rushdie's head, was quoted by the
newspaper as saying that his foundation would now pay $3 million to anyone who kills Rushdie".
Early 2005: Khomeini's fatwa against Rushdie is reaffirmed by Iran's spiritual leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, in a message to Muslim pilgrims making the annual pilgrimage to Mecca. Iran has rejected requests to withdraw the fatwa on the basis that only the person who issued it may withdraw it.
14 February 2006: Iran's official state news agency reports on the anniversary of the decree that the government-run
has announced, "The fatwā by Imam Khomeini in regard to the apostate Salman Rushdie will be in effect forever", and that one of Iran's state bonyad, or foundations, has offered a $2.8 million bounty on his life.
15 June 2007: Rushdie receives knighthood for services to literature sparking an outcry from Islamic groups. Several groups invoking The Satanic Verses controversy renew calls for his death.
29 June 2007:
planted in central London may have been linked to the Knighthood of Salman Rushdie.
For more details on this topic, see .
24 January 2012: The vice-chancellor of , an Islamic school in India, issued a demand that Rushdie be denied a visa for his scheduled appearance at the
at the end of January. The Indian government replied that there were no plans to bar Rushdie from entering the country, and that Rushdie, who had visited India several times in the past, did not need a visa because he held a
"that entitles holders to travel to the country of their origin without other documentation". Rushdie ultimately decided not to attend the festival, citing reports of possible assassination attempts. Rushdie investigated police reports of paid assassins and suggested that the police might have lied. Meanwhile, police were seeking , ,
who fled Jaipur on the advice of officials at the Jaipur Literature Festival after reading excerpts from The Satanic Verses, which is banned in India. A proposed video link session between Rushdie and the Jaipur Literature Festival ran into difficulty after the government pressured the festival to stop it.
17 September 2012: Rushdie expressed doubt that The Satanic Verses would be published today because of a climate of "fear and nervousness".
22 February 2016: A group of forty state-run media organisations in Iran raised $600,000 to add to the Fatwa on Rushdie.
(, novel which led to protests and death threats, 1993, Bangladesh)
(a controversy about a petition to ban the Quran, 1985, India)
T the arrest, trial, conviction, and imprisonment of a British schoolteacher in Sudan in 2007, for allegedly insulting Islam by allowing her class to name a
"Muhammad"
's book , which discusses the controversy over The Satanic Verses
, 1990 Pakistani action film depicting Salman Rushdie as its main villain
, 2012 film that disparages Islam Muhammad, which led to violent protests against Western institutions in several Muslim countries, a number of deaths, and hundreds of injuries
, an event held in 2010 in support of
and freedom of artistic expression of those threatened with violence for drawing representations of Muhammad
, 2008 Dutch film about Islam, which led to
; began after 12 editorial cartoons, most of which depicted Islamic prophet Muhammad, were published in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten in 2005
; began in July 2007 with a series of drawings by Swedish artist Lars Vilks that depicted the Islamic prophet Muhammad as a roundabout dog
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Reason, August September 2005
 – Writers, broadcasters, friends and publishing insiders recall what it was like to be caught up in the most controversial story in recent literary history
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