JavaScript templating from Twitter.
Getting started
Hogan.js is a 3.4k JS templating engine developed at Twitter. Use it as a part of your asset packager to compile templates ahead of time or include it in your browser to handle dynamic templates.
If you're developing with Node.js, just use NPM to add the Hogan package.
$ npm install hogan.js
Alternatively, drop hogan.js in your browser by adding the following script.
&script src="http://twitter.github.com/hogan.js/builds/3.0.1/hogan-3.0.1.js"&&/script&
Hogan.js was developed against the mustache test suite, so everything that holds true for templates as specified , is also the case for hogan.js.
That means you get variables, sections, lambdas, partials, filters, and everything else you've come to expect from mustache templating - only much, much faster.
Use hogan.compile() to precompile your templates into vanilla JS.
It's best to serve your templates precompiled whenever you can (rather than the raw templates), as parsing is the most time consuming operation.
Once compiled, call the render() method with a context and optional partials object.
If supplying partials, you can compile them ahead of time, or pass string templates.
Hulk is Hogan's command line utility. Use it to easily compile your templates as js files.
Hulk supports the * wilcard (even on windows) and allows you to target specific file extensions as well.Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
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AMD Athlon X4 860K Kaveri Quad-Core 3.7 GHz Socket FM2+ 95W AD860KXBJABOX Desktop Processor (BLACK EDITION)
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If the Adobe Reader does not appear when you click on a link for a PDF file, you can .From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Atmel ATmega8 in
AVR is a family of
developed by
beginning in 1996. These are
single-chip microcontrollers. AVR was one of the first microcontroller families to use on-chip
for program storage, as opposed to , , or
used by other microcontrollers at the time.
AVR microcontrollers find m they are also used in the
line of open source board designs.
The AVR architecture was conceived by two students at the
(NTH), Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan.
The original AVR MCU was developed at a local
house in , called Nordic VLSI at the time, now , where Bogen and Wollan were working as students.[] It was known as a μRISC (Micro RISC)[] and was available as silicon IP/building block from Nordic VLSI.[] When the technology was sold to Atmel from Nordic , the internal architecture was further developed by Bogen and Wollan at Atmel Norway, a subsidiary of Atmel. The designers worked closely with compiler writers at
to ensure that the AVR instruction set provided efficient
Atmel says that the name AVR is not an acronym and does not stand for anything in particular. The creators of the AVR give no definitive answer as to what the term "AVR" stands for. However, it is commonly accepted that AVR stands for Alf and Vegard's RISC processor. Note that the use of "AVR" in this article generally refers to the 8-bit RISC line of Atmel AVR Microcontrollers.
Among the first of the AVR line was the AT90S8515, which in a 40-pin DIP package has the same pinout as an
microcontroller, including the external multiplexed address and data bus. The polarity of the RESET line was opposite (8051's having an active-high RESET, while the AVR has an active-low RESET), but other than that the pinout was identical.
The AVR 8-bit microcontroller architecture was introduced in 1997. By 2003, Atmel had shipped 500 million AVR flash microcontrollers. The
platform for simple electronics projects was released in 2005 and featured ATmega8 AVR microcontrollers.
The AVR is a
machine, where program and data are stored in separate physical memory systems that appear in different address spaces, but having the ability to read data items from program memory using special instructions.
AVRs are generally classified into following:
tinyAVR – the ATtiny series
0.5–16 KB program memory
6–32-pin package
Limited peripheral set
megaAVR – the ATmega series
4–256 KB program memory
28–100-pin package
Extended instruction set (multiply instructions and instructions for handling larger program memories)
Extensive peripheral set
XMEGA – the ATxmega series
16–384 KB program memory
44–64–100-pin package (A4, A3, A1)
32-pin package: XMEGA-E (XMEGA8E5)
Extended performance features, such as DMA, "Event System", and cryptography support
Extensive peripheral set with
Application-specific AVR
megaAVRs with special features not found on the other members of the AVR family, such as LCD controller,
controller, advanced PWM, CAN, etc.
FPSLIC (AVR with FPGA)
5k to 40k gates
SRAM for the AVR program code, unlike all other AVRs
AVR core can run at up to 50 MHz
32-bit AVRs
In 2006, Atmel released microcontrollers based on the 32-bit
architecture. This is a completely different architecture unrelated to the 8-bit AVR, intended to compete with the -based processors. It has a 32-bit data path,
instructions, along with other audio- and video-processing features. The instruction set is similar to other RISC cores, but it is not compatible with the original AVR (nor any of the various ARM cores).
are all integrated onto a single chip, removing the need for external memory in most applications. Some devices have a parallel external bus option to allow adding additional data memory or memory-mapped devices. Almost all devices (except the smallest TinyAVR chips) have serial interfaces, which can be used to connect larger serial EEPROMs or flash chips.
Program instructions are stored in
. Although the
are 8-bit, each instruction takes one or two 16-bit words.
The size of the program memory is usually indicated in the naming of the device itself (e.g., the ATmega64x line has 64 KB of flash, while the ATmega32x line has 32 KB).
There is no provision for off- all code executed by the AVR core must reside in the on-chip flash. However, this limitation does not apply to the AT94 FPSLIC AVR/FPGA chips.
consists of the , I/O registers, and . Some small models also map the program ROM into the data address space, but larger models do not.
Atmel ATxmega128A1 in 100-pin
The AVRs have 32
and are classified as 8-bit RISC devices.
In the tinyAVR and megaAVR variants of the AVR architecture, the working registers are mapped in as the first 32 memory addresses (000016–001F16), followed by 64 I/O registers (002016–005F16). In devices with many peripherals, these registers are followed by 160 “extended I/O” registers, only accessible as
(006016–00FF16).
Actual SRAM starts after these register sections, at address 006016 or, in devices with "extended I/O", at 010016.
Even though there are separate addressing schemes and optimized opcodes for accessing the register file and the first 64 I/O registers, all can also be addressed and manipulated as if they were in SRAM.
The very smallest of the tinyAVR variants use a reduced architecture with only 16 registers (r0 through r15 are omitted) which are not addressable as memory locations. I/O memory begins at address 000016, followed by SRAM. In addition, these devices have slight deviations from the standard AVR instruction set. Most notably, the direct load/store instructions (LDS/STS) have been reduced from 2 words (32 bits) to 1 word (16 bits), limiting the total direct addressable memory (the sum of both I/O and SRAM) to 128 bytes. Conversely, the indirect load instruction's (LD) 16-bit address space is expanded to also include non-volatile memory such as Flash an therefore, the Load Program Memory (LPM) instruction is unnecessary and omitted. (For detailed info, see .)
In the XMEGA variant, the working register file is not mapped into th as such, it is not possible to treat any of the XMEGA's working registers as though they were SRAM. Instead, the I/O registers are mapped into the data address space starting at the very beginning of the address space. Additionally, the amount of data address space dedicated to I/O registers has grown substantially to 4096 bytes (000016–0FFF16). As with previous generations, however, the fast I/O manipulation instructions can only reach the first 64 I/O register locations (the first 32 locations for bitwise instructions). Following the I/O registers, the XMEGA series sets aside a 4096 byte range of the data address space, which can be used optionally for mapping the internal EEPROM to the data address space (100016–1FFF16). The actual SRAM is located after these ranges, starting at 200016.
port on a tiny or mega AVR drives up to eight pins and is controlled by three 8-bit registers: DDRx, PORTx and PINx, where x is the port identifier.
DDRx: Data Direction Register, configures the pins as either inputs or outputs.
PORTx: Output port register. Sets the output value on pins configured as outputs. Enables or disables the
on pins configured as inputs.
PINx: Input register, used to read an input signal. On some devices, this register can be used for pin toggling: writing a logic one to a PINx bit toggles the corresponding bit in PORTx, irrespective of the setting of the DDRx bit.
xmegaAVR have additional registers for push/pull, totem-pole and pullup configurations.
Almost all AVR microcontrollers have internal
for semi-permanent data storage. Like flash memory, EEPROM can maintain its contents when electrical power is removed.
In most variants of the AVR architecture, this internal EEPROM memory is not mapped into the MCU's addressable memory space. It can only be accessed the same way an external peripheral device is, using special pointer registers and read/write instructions, which makes EEPROM access much slower than other internal RAM.
However, some devices in the SecureAVR (AT90SC) family use a special EEPROM mapping to the data or program memory, depending on the configuration. The XMEGA family also allows the EEPROM to be mapped into the data address space.
Since the number of writes to EEPROM is limited –
Atmel specifies 100,000 write cycles in their datasheets –
a well designed EEPROM write routine should compare the contents of an EEPROM address with desired contents and only perform an actual write if the contents need to be changed.
Note that erase and write can be performed separately in many cases, byte-by-byte, which may also help prolong life when bits only need to be set to all 1s (erase) or selectively cleared to 0s (write).
Atmel's AVRs have a two-stage, single-level
design. This means the next machine instruction is fetched as the current one is executing. Most instructions take just one or two clock cycles, making AVRs relatively fast among
microcontrollers.
The AVR processors were designed with the efficient execution of
code in mind and have several built-in pointers for the task.
than those of most eight-bit microcontrollers, in particular the
with which AVR competes today. However, it is not completely regular:
X, Y, and Z have addressing capabilities that are different from each other.
locations R0 to R15 have more limited addressing capabilities than register locations R16 to R31.
I/O ports 0 to 31 can be bit addressed, unlike I/O ports 32 to 63.
CLR (clear all bits to zero) affects flags, while SER (set all bits to one) does not, even though they are complementary instructions. (CLR is pseudo-op for EOR R, R; while SER is short for LDI R,$FF. Math operations such as EOR modify flags, while moves/loads/stores/branches such as LDI do not.)
Accessing read-only data stored in the program memory (flash) requires special LPM the flash bus is otherwise reserved for instruction memory.
Additionally, some chip-specific differences affect code generation. Code pointers (including return addresses on the stack) are two bytes long on chips with up to 128 KB of flash memory, but three bytes
not all chips have
chips with over 8 KB of flash have branch and call instruction and so forth.
The mostly regular instruction set makes programming it using C (or even Ada) compilers fairly straightforward.
has included AVR support for quite some time, and that support is widely used. In fact, Atmel solicited input from major developers of compilers for small microcontrollers, to determine the instruction set features that were most useful in a compiler for high-level languages.
The AVR line can normally support clock speeds from 0 to 20 MHz, with some devices reaching 32 MHz. Lower-powered operation usually requires a reduced clock speed. All recent (Tiny, Mega, and Xmega, but not 90S) AVRs feature an on-chip oscillator, removing the need for external clocks or resonator circuitry. Some AVRs also have a system clock prescaler that can divide down the system clock by up to 1024. This prescaler can be reconfigured by software during run-time, allowing the clock speed to be optimized.
Since all operations (excluding multiplication and 16-bit add/subtract) on registers R0–R31 are single-cycle, the AVR can achieve up to 1
per MHz, i.e. an 8 MHz processor can achieve up to 8 MIPS. Loads and stores to/from memory take two cycles, branching takes two cycles. Branches in the latest "3-byte PC" parts such as ATmega2560 are one cycle slower than on previous devices.
AVRs have a large following due to the free and inexpensive development tools available, including reasonably priced development boards and free development software. The AVRs are sold under various names that share the same basic core, but with different peripheral and memory combinations. Compatibility between chips in each family is fairly good, although I/O controller features may vary.
for sites relating to AVR development.
AVRs offer a wide range of features:
Multifunction, bi-directional general-purpose I/O ports with configurable, built-in
Multiple internal oscillators, including RC oscillator without external parts
Internal, self-programmable instruction
up to 256 KB (384 KB on XMega)
using serial/parallel low-voltage proprietary interfaces or
Optional boot code section with independent lock bits for protection
On-chip debugging (OCD) support through JTAG or
on most devices
The JTAG signals (TMS, TDI, TDO, and TCK) are multiplexed on . These pins can be configured to function as JTAG or GPIO depending on the setting of a fuse bit, which can be programmed via ISP or HVSP. By default, AVRs with JTAG come with the JTAG interface enabled.
uses the /RESET pin as a bi-directional communication channel to access on-chip debug circuitry. It is present on devices with lower pin counts, as it only requires one pin.
Internal data
up to 4 KB
up to 16 KB (32 KB on XMega)
External 64 KB little endian data space on certain models, including the Mega8515 and Mega162.
The external data space is overlaid with the internal data space, such that the full 64 KB address space does not appear on the external bus and accesses to e.g. address 010016 will access internal RAM, not the external bus.
In certain members of the XMega series, the external data space has been enhanced to support both SRAM and SDRAM. As well, the data addressing modes have been expanded to allow up to 16 MB of data memory to be directly addressed.
8-bit and 16-bit timers
output (some devices have an enhanced PWM peripheral which includes a dead-time generator)
that record a time stamp triggered by a signal edge
Analog comparator
10 or 12-bit , with multiplex of up to 16 channels
A variety of serial interfaces, including
compatible Two-Wire Interface (TWI)
Synchronous/asynchronous serial peripherals (/USART) (used with , , and more)
Universal Serial Interface (USI): a multi-purpose hardware communication module that can be used to implement an SPI, I2C or UART interface.
Multiple power-saving sleep modes
Lighting and motor control (-specific) controller models
controller support
controller support
Proper full-speed (12 Mbit/s) hardware & Hub controller with embedded AVR.
Also freely available low-speed (1.5 Mbit/s) ()
software emulations
controller support
controller support
Low-voltage devices operating down to 1.8 V (to 0.7 V for parts with built-in DC–DC upconverter)
picoPower devices
controllers and "event system" peripheral communication.
Fast cryptography support for
There are many means to load program code into an AVR chip. The methods to program AVR chips varies from AVR family to family. Most of the methods described below use the RESET line to enter programming mode. In order to avoid the chip accidentally entering such mode, it is advised to connect a pull-up resistor between the RESET pin and the positive power supply.
6- and 10-pin ISP header diagrams
(ISP) programming method is functionally performed through , plus some twiddling of the Reset line. As long as the SPI pins of the AVR are not connected to anything disruptive, the AVR chip can stay soldered on a
while reprogramming. All that is needed is a 6-pin connector and programming adapter. This is the most common way to develop with an AVR.
The Atmel AVRISP mkII device connects to a computer's USB port and performs in-system programming using Atmel's software.
AVRDUDE (AVR Downloader/UploaDEr) runs on , , Windows, and , and supports a variety of in-system programming hardware, including Atmel AVRISP mkII, Atmel JTAG ICE, older Atmel serial-port based programmers, and various third-party and "do-it-yourself" programmers.
The Program and Debug Interface (PDI) is an Atmel proprietary interface for external programming and on-chip debugging of XMEGA devices. The PDI supports high-speed programming of all non-volatile memory (NVM) flash, EEPROM, fuses, lock-bits and the User Signature Row. This is done by accessing the XMEGA NVM controller through the PDI interface, and executing NVM controller commands. The PDI is a 2-pin interface using the Reset pin for clock input (PDI_CLK) and a dedicated data pin (PDI_DATA) for input and output.
High-voltage serial programming (HVSP) is mostly the backup mode on smaller AVRs. An 8-pin AVR package does not leave many unique signal combinations to place the AVR into a programming mode. A 12-volt signal, however, is something the AVR should only see during programming and never during normal operation. The high voltage mode can also be used in some devices where the reset pin has been disabled by fuses.
High-voltage parallel programming (HVPP) is considered the "final resort" and may be the only way to correct bad fuse settings on an AVR chip.
Most AVR models can reserve a
region, 256 B to 4 KB, where re-programming code can reside. At reset, the bootloader runs first and does some user-programmed determination whether to re-program or to jump to the main application. The code can re-program through any interface available, or it could read an encrypted binary through an Ethernet adapter like . Atmel has application notes and code pertaining to many bus interfaces.
The AT90SC series of AVRs are available with a factory mask-ROM rather than flash for program memory. Because of the large up-front cost and minimum order quantity, a mask-ROM is only cost-effective for high-production runs.
aWire is a new one-wire debug interface available on the new UC3L AVR32 devices.
The AVR offers several options for debugging, mostly involving on-chip debugging while the chip is in the target system.
is Atmel's solution for providing on-chip debug capabilities via a single microcontroller pin. It is particularly useful for lower pin count parts which cannot provide the four "spare" pins needed for JTAG. The JTAGICE mkII, mkIII and the AVR Dragon support debugWIRE. debugWIRE was developed after the original JTAGICE release, and now clones support it.
The Joint Test Action Group () feature provides access to on-chip debugging functionality while the chip is running in the target system. JTAG allows accessing internal memory and registers, setting breakpoints on code, and single-stepping execution to observe system behaviour.
Atmel provides a series of JTAG adapters for the AVR:
The Atmel-ICE is the latest adapter. It supports JTAG, debugWire, aWire, SPI, TPI, and PDI interfaces.
The JTAGICE 3 is a midrange debugger in the JTAGICE family (JTAGICE mkIII). It supports JTAG, aWire, SPI, and PDI interfaces.
The JTAGICE mkII replaces the JTAGICE and is similarly priced. The JTAGICE mkII interfaces to the PC via USB, and supports both JTAG and the newer debugWIRE interface. Numerous third-party clones of the Atmel JTAGICE mkII device started shipping after Atmel released the communication protocol.
The AVR Dragon is a low-cost (approximately $50) substitute for the JTAGICE mkII for certain target parts. The AVR Dragon provides in-system serial programming, high-voltage serial programming and parallel programming, as well as JTAG or debugWIRE emulation for parts with 32 KB of program memory or less. ATMEL changed the debugging feature of AVR Dragon with the latest firmware of AVR Studio 4 - AVR Studio 5 and now it supports devices over 32 KB of program memory.
The JTAGICE adapter interfaces to the PC via a standard serial port.[] Although the JTAGICE adapter has been declared "" by Atmel, it is still supported in AVR Studio and other tools.
JTAG can also be used to perform a
test, which tests the electrical connections between AVRs and other boundary scan capable chips in a system. Boundary scan is well-suited for a production line, while the hobbyist is probably better off testing with a multimeter or oscilloscope.
Atmel STK500 development board
Official Atmel AVR development tools and evaluation kits contain a number of starter kits and debugging tools with support for most AVR devices:
The STK600 starter kit and development system is an update to the STK500. The STK600 uses a base board, a signal routing board, and a target board.
The base board is similar to the STK500, in that it provides a power supply, clock, in-system programming, an RS-232 port and a CAN (Controller Area Network, an automotive standard) port via DE9 connectors, and stake pins for all of the GPIO signals from the target device.
The target boards have
sockets for , , , or
packages, depending on the board.
The signal routing board sits between the base board and the target board, and routes the signals to the proper pin on the device board. There are many different signal routing boards that could be used with a single target board, depending on what device is in the ZIF socket.
The STK600 allows in-system programming from the PC via USB, leaving the RS-232 port available for the target microcontroller. A 4 pin
on the STK600 labeled 'RS-232 spare' can connect any TTL level USART port on the chip to an onboard MAX232 chip to translate the signals to RS-232 levels. The RS-232 signals are connected to the RX, TX, CTS, and RTS pins on the DB-9 connector.
The STK500 starter kit and development system features ISP and high voltage programming (HVP) for all AVR devices, either directly or through extension boards. The board is fitted with DIP sockets for all AVRs available in DIP packages.
STK500 Expansion Modules: Several expansion modules are available for the STK500 board:
STK501 – Adds support for microcontrollers in 64-pin TQFP packages.
STK502 – Adds support for LCD AVRs in 64-pin TQFP packages.
STK503 – Adds support for microcontrollers in 100-pin TQFP packages.
STK504 – Adds support for LCD AVRs in 100-pin TQFP packages.
STK505 – Adds support for 14 and 20-pin AVRs.
STK520 – Adds support for 14 and 20, and 32-pin microcontrollers from the AT90PWM and ATmega family.
STK524 – Adds support for the ATmega32M1/C1 32-pin CAN/LIN/Motor Control family.
STK525 – Adds support for the AT90USB microcontrollers in 64-pin TQFP packages.
STK526 – Adds support for the AT90USB microcontrollers in 32-pin TQFP packages.
The STK200 starter kit and development system has a
socket that can host an AVR chip in a 40, 20, or 8-pin package. The board has a 4 MHz clock source, 8
(LED)s, 8 input buttons, an
port, a socket for a 32k
and numerous general I/O. The chip can be programmed with a dongle connected to the parallel port.
Supported microcontrollers (according to the manual)
AT90S/LS2323
AT90S/LS2343
AT90S/LS4434
AT90S/LS8535
AVRISP mkII
The AVRISP and AVRISP mkII are inexpensive tools allowing all AVRs to be programmed via .
The AVRISP connects to a PC via a serial port and draws power from the target system. The AVRISP allows using either of the "standard" ICSP pinouts, either the 10-pin or 6-pin connector. The AVRISP has been discontinued, replaced by the AVRISP mkII.
The AVRISP mkII connects to a PC via USB and draws power from USB.
visible through the translucent case indicate the state of target power.
As the AVRISP mkII lacks driver/buffer ICs, it can have trouble programming target boards with multiple loads on its SPI lines. In such occurrences, a programmer capable of sourcing greater current is required. Alternatively, the AVRISP mkII can still be used if low-value (~150 ohm) load-limiting resistors can be placed on the SPI lines before each peripheral device.
AVR Dragon with
and attached, blue/greenish
The Atmel Dragon is an inexpensive tool which connects to a PC via USB. The Dragon can program all AVRs via JTAG, HVP, PDI, or ICSP. The Dragon also allows debugging of all AVRs via JTAG, PDI, or debugW a previous limitation to devices with 32 KB or less program memory has been removed in AVR Studio 4.18. The Dragon has a small prototype area which can accommodate an 8, 28, or 40-pin AVR, including connections to power and programming pins. There is no area for any additional circuitry, although this can be provided by a third-party product called the "Dragon Rider".
In Circuit Emulator (JTAGICE) debugging tool supports on-chip debugging (OCD) of AVRs with a JTAG interface. The original JTAGICE mkI uses an RS-232 interface to a PC and can only program AVR's with a JTAG interface. The JTAGICE mkI is no longer in production, however it has been replaced by the JTAGICE mkII.
The JTAGICE mkII debugging tool supports on-chip debugging (OCD) of AVRs with SPI, JTAG, PDI, and debugWIRE interfaces. The debugWire interface enables debugging using only one pin (the Reset pin), allowing debugging of applications running on low pin-count microcontrollers.
The JTAGICE mkII connects using USB, but there is an alternate connection via a serial port, which requires using a separate power supply. In addition to JTAG, the mkII supports ISP programming (using 6-pin or 10-pin adapters). Both the USB and serial links use a variant of the STK500 protocol.
The JTAGICE3 updates the mkII with more advanced debugging capabilities and faster programming. It connects via USB and supports the JTAG, aWire, SPI, and PDI interfaces. The kit includes several adapters for use with most interface pinouts.
The AVR ONE! is a professional development tool for all Atmel 8-bit and 32-bit AVR devices with On-Chip Debug capability. It supports SPI, JTAG, PDI, and aWire programming modes and debugging using debugWIRE, JTAG, PDI, and aWire interfaces.
Atmel ATmega169 in 64-pad
package on the back of an Atmel AVR Butterfly board
The very popular AVR Butterfly demonstration board is a self-contained, battery-powered computer running the Atmel AVR ATmega169V microcontroller. It was built to show off the AVR family, especially a then new built-in LCD interface. The board includes the LCD screen, joystick, speaker, serial port, real time clock (RTC), flash memory chip, and both temperature and voltage sensors. Earlier versions of the AVR Butterfly also contained a CdS ; it is not present on Butterfly boards produced after June 2006 to allow
compliance. The small board has a shirt pin on its back so it can be worn as a name badge.
The AVR Butterfly comes preloaded with software to demonstrate the capabilities of the microcontroller. Factory firmware can scroll your name, display the sensor readings, and show the time. The AVR Butterfly also has a piezoelectric transducer that can be used to reproduce sounds and music.
The AVR Butterfly demonstrates LCD driving by running a 14-segment, six alpha-numeric character display. However, the LCD interface consumes many of the I/O pins.
The Butterfly's ATmega169 CPU is capable of speeds up to 8 MHz, but it is factory set by software to 2 MHz to preserve the button battery life. A pre-installed bootloader program allows the board to be re-programmed via a standard RS-232 serial plug with new programs that users can write with the free Atmel IDE tools.
This small board, about half the size of a business card, is priced at slightly more than an AVR Butterfly. It includes an AT90USB1287 with
(OTG) support, 16 MB of , LEDs, a small joystick, and a temperature sensor. The board includes software, which lets it act as a
(its documentation is shipped on the DataFlash), a USB joystick, and more. To support the USB host capability, it must be operated from a battery, but when running as a USB peripheral, it only needs the power provided over USB.
Only the JTAG port uses conventional 2.54 mm pinout. All the other AVR I/O ports require more compact 1.27 mm headers.
The AVR Dragon can both program and debug since the 32 KB limitation was removed in AVR Studio 4.18, and the JTAGICE mkII is capable of both programming and debugging the processor. The processor can also be programmed through USB from a Windows or Linux host, using the USB "Device Firmware Update" protocols. Atmel ships proprietary (source code included but distribution restricted) example programs and a USB protocol stack with the device.
is a third-party
() USB protocol stack for the USBKey and other 8-bit USB AVRs.
The RAVEN kit supports wireless development using Atmel's
chipsets, for
and other wireless stacks. It resembles a pair of wireless more-powerful Butterfly cards, plus a wireless USBK and costing about that much (under $US100). All these boards support JTAG-based development.
The kit includes two AVR Raven boards, each with a 2.4 GHz transceiver supporting IEEE 802.15.4 (and a freely licensed ZigBee stack). The radios are driven with ATmega1284p processors, which are supported by a custom segmented LCD display driven by an ATmega3290p processor. Raven peripherals resemble the Butterfly: piezo speaker, DataFlash (bigger), external EEPROM, sensors, 32 kHz crystal for , and so on. These are intended for use in developing remote sensor nodes, to control relays, or whatever is needed.
The USB stick uses an AT90USB1287 for connections to a USB host and to the 2.4 GHz wireless links. These are intended to monitor and control the remote nodes, relying on host power rather than local batteries.
A wide variety of third-party programming and debugging tools are available for the AVR. These devices use various interfaces, including RS-232, PC parallel port, and USB.
Atmel AVR ATmega328 28-pin DIP on an Arduino Duemilanove board
Atmel AVR ATmega8 28-pin DIP on a custom development board
AVRs have been used in various automotive applications such as security, safety, powertrain and entertainment systems. Atmel has recently launched a new publication "Atmel Automotive Compilation" to help developers with automotive applications. Some current usages are in BMW, Daimler-Chrysler and TRW.
platform is based on an ATmega328 microcontroller (ATmega168 or ATmega8 in board versions older than the Diecimila). The ATmega1280 and ATmega2560, with more pinout and memory capabilities, have also been employed to develop the
platform. Arduino boards can be used with its language and , or with more conventional programming environments (, , etc.) as just standardized and widely available AVR platforms.
USB-based AVRs have been used in the Microsoft Xbox hand controllers. The link between the controllers and Xbox is USB.
Numerous companies produce AVR-based microcontroller boards intended for use by hobbyists, robot builders, experimenters and small system developers including: Cubloc, gnusb, BasicX, Oak Micros, ZX Microcontrollers, and myAVR. There is also a large community of
supporting similar users.
produces the M3000 Motor and Motion Control Chip, incorporating an Atmel AVR Core and an advanced motion controller for use in a variety of motion applications.
With the growing popularity of
among the open source community, people have started developing open source processors compatible with the AVR instruction set. The
website lists the following major AVR clone projects:
pAVR, written in , is aimed at creating the fastest and maximally featured AVR processor, by implementing techniques not found in the original AVR processor such as deeper pipelining.
avr_core, written in , is a clone aimed at being as close as possible to the ATmega103.
Navré, written in , implements all
instructions and is aimed at high performance and low resource usage. It does not support interrupts.
The opencores project
written in
by Dr. Jürgen Sauermann explains in detail how to design a complete AVR based System on a Chip (SoC).
In addition to the chips manufactured by Atmel, clones are available from LogicGreen Technologies.
Microcontrollers using the ATmega architecture are being manufactured by NIIET in , Russia, as part of the 1887 series of integrated circuits. This includes an ATmega128 under the
1887VE7T (: 1887ВЕ7Т).
Since 1996, NTH has become part of the
. youtube.com.
Myklebust, Gaute.
(PDF). Atmel Norway.   .
. Cse.unsw.edu.au. Archived from
Atmel press release. .
(PDF). . .
(PDF). . .
(PDF). . .
(PDF). . .
(PDF) (application note). Atmel Corporation. Jun 2015. p. 5 2015. The reset line has an internal pull-up resistor, but if the environment is noisy it can be insufficient and reset can therefore occur sporadically.
. Savannah.nongnu.org.
. Support.atmel.no. Archived from
. Atmel.com.
. Atmel.com.
. Atmel. Archived from
on 15 February .
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on 15 February .
(PDF). Atmel 2011.
. Ecrostech.com. .
. Four Walled Cubicle.
for a comprehensive list.
. Comfile Technology, Inc 2013.
. NetMedia, Inc 2013.
. Oak Micros. Oak Micros 2013.
. Laser & Co. Solutions GmbH 2013.
. imshome.com. Schneider Electric Motion USA.
. OpenCores.
. OpenCores.
. OpenCores.
. OpenCores.
. LogicGreen Technologies, a clone of the ATmega88.
[Microcontrollers] (in Russian). Voronezh: OAO "NIIET" 2017.
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems: Using Assembly and C; Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Sarmad Naimi, Sepehr N 792 2010;  .
Embedded C Programming and the Atmel AVR; Richard H Barnett, Sarah Cox, Larry O'C 560 2006;  .
C Programming for Microcontrollers Featuring ATMEL's AVR Butterfly and WinAVR Compiler; Joe P 300 2005;  .
Atmel AVR Microcontroller Primer: Programming and Interfacing; Steven F Barrett, Daniel Pack, Mitchell T 194 2007;  .
Arduino: A Quick Start Guide; Maik S 276 2011;  .
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Communities
at Curlie (based on ), numerous AVR links
- AVR guide for beginners
AVR DIP-Package Pinout Diagrams: , , ,
AVR TQFP-Package Pinout Diagrams: , ,
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